DEPARTMENT OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
FACULTY OF VETERINARY MEDICINE
AHMADU BELLO UNIVERSITY, ZARIA, NIGERIA

ASSESSMENT OF DONKEYS (Equus asinus) EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH Trypanosoma brucei (Federe isolate) AND TREATED WITH HOMIDIUM CHLORIDE AND ISOMETAMIDIUM CHLORIDE

The high prevalence of malaria in Africa has defiled many strategies aimed at its eradication. Researchers from various fields have tried without success in this fight against mosquito and its malaria disease. Annually billions of dollars are spent in the design of programs which are aimed at combating this dreaded disease. However all this spending seems to go down the drain as malaria and its vector mosquitoes celebrate their unflinching victory. Current control measures focusing on ways of preventing the disease vis- a -vis, protect man from the vectors “anopheline mosquito” are the mainstay of malaria prevention and control. Many of these control measures are operational with each contributing in its little way. The use of Long Lasting Insecticide Treated Nets (LLITN) and Indoor Residual Sprays (IRS) are well established strategies with global recognition and currently ongoing in Africa. However, as a result of shortcomings in these major control measures, new strategies with hopes of blissful success are been sought after. Larviciding (abortion of metamorphosis) and constant and adequate environmental sanitation seems to be the next option available for use. This article therefore takes a look at the vector- anopheline mosquito, its ecology, productivity and distribution. It also considers malaria and the various control and preventive measures currently targeted at its eradication.

/pdf/anopheline-mosquitoes-and-the-malaria-scourge-292pp6ro77.pdf

Anopheline Mosquitoes and the Malaria Scourge

The Sudan has suffered through the last few years from several diseases transmitted by Aedes species mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae). This study was conducted as cross-sectional surveys during Sept. 2017–May 2018 to determine the existence, characterization, geographical distribution and larval habitats of Aedes mosquitoes in Singa, Sennar, Elsuki and Aldaly towns, Sennar State, Sudan, using a cluster sample method. A total of 840 households (HHs) were surveyed every 2wk for Aedes, using a specially designed format. All water-holding containers in and around the HHs were inspected for larvae and pupae. Larvae (4th instar) were mounted for species identification and the pupae were reared to the adult stage for species morphologically identification. The data were analyzed using SPSS. A total of 5,951 water containers were inspected. Of these, 2.7% were found to be positive for larvae or pupae. A total of 1,421 larvae and 358 pupae were collected from different containers. The most important habitat containers were clay-pots (Zeers). Aedes indices were calculated. Total House Index (HI) was 7.02%, container index (CI) was (2.8%), Breteau index (BI) was 19.6, and pupal/ demographic index (P/D) was 0.44. Ae. aegypti was 82.7%, Ae. africanus 14.5%, Ae. vittatus 1.9%, Ae. simpsoni 0.9% and Ae. scatophagoides was found as pupae only (9). Clay-pots were the most preferred breeding habitats for Aedes mosquitoes. Moreover, Ae. aegypti, is the dominant species in the study areas, suggesting a high potential for arbovirus transmission in the study areas. However, effective control strategies aiming to reduce the number of larvae/ pupae will have significant impact in minimizing the risk of arboviral transmission.

https://www.dipterajournal.com/pdf/2019/vol6issue6/PartB/6-6-9-481.pdf

Prevalence, habitat and productivity profiles of Aedes mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Sennar state, Sudan

Mosquitoes constitute a serious Public Health menace, resulting in millions of death worldwide each year. Emergence of insecticide resistant strains of the mosquitoes poses a serious threat and hence calls for alternative control measures. This study assessed the larvicidal efficacy of the methanolic and aqueous extracts of different parts of Picralima nitida against the 4th instar larvae of the malaria vector Anopheles gambiae. Larvicidal activities of the leaf, seed and pulp of the plant were therefore studied on laboratory reared larvae of A. gambiae at concentration ranges of 0.5 mg/ml to 5.0 mg/ml. The LC50 and LC95 values were obtained from probit analysis using SPSS version 16.0, at 95% confidence limit (CL). The Median Relative Potency of the extracts was also obtained using probit analysis at (P ≤0.05). Results of the study indicated that the LC50 and LC95 values of the aqueous leaf extracts were 3.14 mg/ml and 42.15 mg/ml at 24 h, 0.35 mg/ml and 4.73 mg/ml at 48 h and 0.16 mg/ml and 2.20 mg/ml at 72 h. A lower larvicidal activity was however observed with the methanolic leaf extract: LC50 value of 48.38 mg/ml, 15.82 mg/ml and 0.33 mg/ml at 24 h, 48 h and 72 h respectively. Methanolic seed extract on the other hand, exhibited a higher degree of potency compared with the aqueous seed extract with a low LC50 value of 0.87 mg/ml, 0.21 mg/ml and 0.15 mg/ml at 24, 48 and 72 h respectively; and an LC95 values of 0.74 mg/ml, 0.18 mg/ml and 0.12 mg/ml at same time interval. A higher efficacy of activity was exhibited by the aqueous pulp extract than the methanolic pulp extract; with lowest LC50 of 2.79 mg/ml at 72 h, and LC95 value of 10.40 mg/ml. The relative potency estimate of the aqueous extract at 24 h gave the following result: aqueous leaf extract was 5.48 times more potent than the aqueous seed; the aqueous pulp 2.20 times greater than the aqueous seed whereas the aqueous leaf was 2.50 times more potent than the aqueous pulp. Similar trend was also observed at 48 and 72 h. Comparatively, at 24 h the methanolic seed extract was 269.76 times more potent than the methanolic leaf extracts; the methanolic pulp extract 2.40 times more potent than the methanolic leaf while the methanolic seed gave a potency of 112.49 times more than the methanolic pulp. However at 48 and 72 h, there was a reversal in trend with the methanolic leaf extract showing a relative potency of 2.73 and 11.51 times that of the methanolic pulp. The LT50 (Median Lethal Time) of the extracts, evaluated at concentration of 1.0mg/ml with P = 0.05, was the following LT50; 28h, 3.6 h and 57 h for aqueous leaf extract, methanolic seed extract and methanolic leaf extract respectively. Similarly, comparative evaluation of the overall efficacy of the various extracts showed that the methanolic seed extract exhibited the highest degree of activity (P<0.05), followed by the aqueous leaf extract and methanolic leaf extract. Conclusively, aqueous seed, methanolic pulp and aqueous pulp extract showed a relatively lower activity and an LT50 value of 300 hrs and

Larvicidal activity of picralima nitida: An approach in malarial vector control

Background: Dengue hemorrhagic fever is a contagious disease that is still noted as problem in Indonesia. The incidence of dengue fever in Indonesia experiences a high number.  Indonesia is a high risk location for contracting dengue because the agent of this disease is Aedes aegypti Cases of dengue fever in the district of Probolinggo is an annual disease there. In Subdistrict Dringu sees incidence of dengue fever annually. Subdistrict Dringu has become one of the endemic areas of dengue fever. Materials and Methods: This study was an observational study with cross sectional design. Sampling was conducted using cluster random sampling with multistage cluster random sampling method. The total sample of 100 heads of family Result: The result of this study showed that the respondents' knowledge about the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever (p = 0.004) and the performance of larva monitoring (p = 0.000). Conclusion: Respondents knowledge of dengue fever have been good and the performance of larva monitoring is still lacking due to lack of passage of the program and only a few are regularly to control. Keywords: respondents knowledge, performance larva monitoring, the incidence of dengue fever

/pdf/factor-analysis-of-respondents-knowledge-and-performance-of-26qiq0hpce.pdf

Factor analysis of respondents knowledge and performance of larva monitoring with dengue hemorrhagic fever in the subdistrict dringu, district probolinggo

/pdf/vector-and-rodent-control-5fu3mas9nd.pdf

Vector and Rodent Control

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Vector and Rodent Control