Architecture for implementing a perceptual user interface. The architecture comprises alternative modalities for controlling computer application programs and manipulating on-screen objects through hand gestures or a combination of hand gestures and verbal commands. The perceptual user interface system includes a tracking component that detects object characteristics of at least one of a plurality of objects within a scene, and tracks the respective object. Detection of object characteristics is based at least in part upon image comparison of a plurality of images relative to a course mapping of the images. A seeding component iteratively seeds the tracking component with object hypotheses based upon the presence of the object characteristics and the image comparison. A filtering component selectively removes the tracked object from the object hypotheses and/or at least one object hypothesis from the set of object hypotheses based upon predetermined removal criteria.

Architecture for controlling a computer using hand gestures

Three-dimensional TV is expected to be the next revolution in the history of television. We implemented a 3D TV prototype system with real-time acquisition, transmission, and 3D display of dynamic scenes. We developed a distributed, scalable architecture to manage the high computation and bandwidth demands. Our system consists of an array of cameras, clusters of network-connected PCs, and a multi-projector 3D display. Multiple video streams are individually encoded and sent over a broadband network to the display. The 3D display shows high-resolution (1024 × 768) stereoscopic color images for multiple viewpoints without special glasses. We implemented systems with rear-projection and front-projection lenticular screens. In this paper, we provide a detailed overview of our 3D TV system, including an examination of design choices and tradeoffs. We present the calibration and image alignment procedures that are necessary to achieve good image quality. We present qualitative results and some early user feedback. We believe this is the first real-time end-to-end 3D TV system with enough views and resolution to provide a truly immersive 3D experience.

/pdf/3d-tv-a-scalable-system-for-real-time-acquisition-3v24x21emk.pdf

3D TV: a scalable system for real-time acquisition, transmission, and autostereoscopic display of dynamic scenes

A three-dimensional sense adjusting unit displays three-dimensional images to a user. If a displayed reaches a limit of parallax, the user responds to the three-dimensional sense adjusting unit. According to acquired appropriate parallax information, a parallax control unit generates parallax images to realize the appropriate parallax in the subsequent stereo display. The control of parallaxes is realized by optimally setting camera parameters by going back to three-dimensional data. Functions to realize the appropriate parallax are made into and presented by a library.

Method and apparatus for processing three-dimensional images

A high-quality three-dimensional (3-D) broadcast service (3-D TV) is becoming increasingly feasible based on various recent technological developments combined with an enhanced understanding of 3-D perception and human factors issues surrounding 3-D TV. In this paper, 3-D technology and perceptually relevant issues, in particular 3-D image quality and visual comfort, in relation to 3-D TV systems are reviewed. The focus is on near-term displays for broadcast-style single- and multiple-viewer systems. We discuss how an image quality model for conventional two-dimensional images needs to be modified to be suitable for image quality research for 3-D TV. In this respect, studies are reviewed that have focused on the relationship between subjective attributes of 3-D image quality and physical system parameters that induce them (e.g., parameter choices in image acquisition, compression, and display). In particular, artifacts that may arise in 3-D TV systems are addressed, such as keystone distortion, depth-plane curvature, puppet theater effect, cross talk, cardboard effect, shear distortion, picket-fence effect, and image flipping. In conclusion, we summarize the perceptual requirements for 3-D TV that can be extracted from the literature and address issues that require further investigation in order for 3-D TV to be a success.

A survey of perceptual evaluations and requirements of three-dimensional TV

Among the key topics of discussion and research on three-dimensional television (3D-TV), visual comfort is certainly one of the most critical. This is because it is well known that some viewers experience visual discomfort when looking at stereoscopic displays. It is important to properly address the issue of visual comfort to avoid possible delays in the deployment of 3D-TV. Here we present a concise overview of the main topics relevant to comfort in viewing stereoscopic television and survey the key factors influencing visual comfort. Potential end users of 3D-TV, content creators, program providers, broadcasters, display manufacturers and researchers will find this overview useful.

Stereoscopic 3D-TV: Visual Comfort

A method of creating at least one depth map for an image sequence including the steps of receiving depth data for a plurality of points in the image sequence, utilising the depth data and a classifier to ascertain depth characteristics as a function of image characteristics and relative position and creating a depth map for at least one frame of the image sequence utilising the image characteristics.

Conversion and encoding techniques

A method of producing a depth map for use in the conversion of 2D images into stereoscopic images including the steps of: identifying at least one object within a 2D image; allocating an identifying tag to each object; allocating a depth tag to each object; and determining and defining an outline of each object.

Image conversion and encoding techniques

A method of encoding depth data within a video image wherein the depth data is included within an active picture area of the video image.

Image encoding system

Encoding 3D information using depth maps is quickly becoming the dominant technique for rendering high quality stereoscopic images. This paper describes how depth maps can be highly compressed and transmitted alongside 2D images with minimal additional bandwidth. The authors have previously described a rapid 2D to 3D conversion system for generating depth maps. This system, which relies on Machine Learning algorithms, effectively encodes the relationships between a 2D source image and the associated depths of objects within the image. These relationships, which are expressed in terms of the colour and position of objects, may be exploited to provide an effective compression mechanism. This paper describes the practical implementation of this technology in an integrated 2D to 3D conversion system. We demonstrate the advantages of the encoding scheme relative to other industry standard compression techniques, examining issues relating to bandwidth, decoding performance and the effect of compression artifacts on stereoscopic image quality.

Low-bandwidth stereoscopic image encoding and transmission

Improved conversion and encoding technioues

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