Layered double hydroxides (LDHs) are an emergent class of biocompatible inorganic lamellar nanomaterials that have attracted significant research interest owing to their high surface-to-volume ratio, the capability to accumulate specific molecules, and the timely release to targets. Their unique properties have been employed for applications in organic catalysis, photocatalysis, sensors, drug delivery, and cell biology. Given the widespread contemporary interest in these topics, time-to-time it urges to review the recent progresses. This review aims to summarize the most recent cutting-edge reports appearing in the last years. It firstly focuses on the application of LDHs as catalysts in relevant chemical reactions and as photocatalysts for organic molecule degradation, water splitting reaction, CO2 conversion, and reduction. Subsequently, the emerging role of these materials in biological applications is discussed, specifically focusing on their use as biosensors, DNA, RNA, and drug delivery, finally elucidating their suitability as contrast agents and for cellular differentiation. Concluding remarks and future prospects deal with future applications of LDHs, encouraging researches in better understanding the fundamental mechanisms involved in catalytic and photocatalytic processes, and the molecular pathways that are activated by the interaction of LDHs with cells in terms of both uptake mechanisms and nanotoxicology effects.

Layered Double Hydroxides: A Toolbox for Chemistry and Biology

Nanomaterials have greatly boosted the biosensor field taking advantage of their optical, catalytic, magnetic and adsorption properties. While noble metal and carbon-based materials have been most often used, metal oxide nanomaterials (MONMs) have recently emerged as a useful platform for their high stability, low cost and versatility in chemical properties. In this article, we first introduce fundamental surface properties of MONMs, especially interactions with DNA. A few sensing strategies are then discussed including the modulation of the catalytic activities of MONMs, and competitive adsorption. DNA can serve as a signaling molecule, and a competitor to probe adsorption of other molecules by MONMs. In addition, DNA can also modulate the catalytic activity of MONMs. Such modulated activities were also observed by several small molecules or ions. In each case, related biosensor designs are introduced. Representative sensors using these mechanisms are reviewed and some future trends are discussed at the end.

Sensors and biosensors based on metal oxide nanomaterials

Enhanced colloidal stability and protein resistance of layered double hydroxide nanoparticles with phosphonic acid-terminated PEG coating for drug delivery.

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Surface modification of two-dimensional layered double hydroxide nanoparticles with biopolymers for biomedical applications.

DNA fate in soil plays an important role in the cycling of genetic information in the environment. Adsorption onto mineral surfaces has great impact on this function. This study probes the kinetics, equilibrium behavior and bonding mechanisms associated with adsorption of DNA onto goethite, a common soil mineral. Surface sensitive ATR-FTIR and XPS approaches are applied to directly characterize the DNA–goethite interface. Adsorption kinetics follow a pseudo-first-order model, suggesting adsorption rate is surface limited. Adsorption rate constants increase with DNA concentration, ranging from 3.29 × 10–3 to 3.55 × 10–1 min–1. Equilibrium adsorption, as monitored by ATR-FTIR and XPS, follows the Langmuir model, with a high affinity of DNA for goethite observed (K = 1.25 × 103 and 9.48 × 102 mL/mg for ATR-FTIR and XPS, respectively). ATR-FTIR and XPS characterization of the structure of surface adsorbed DNA demonstrates inner-sphere coordination between backbone phosphate groups of DNA and goethite. Further...

Ironing Out Genes in the Environment: An Experimental Study of the DNA–Goethite Interface

Layered double hydroxide nanoparticles (LDH NPs) have attracted interest as an effective gene delivery vehicle in biomedicine. Recent advances in clinic trials have demonstrated the efficacy of Mg/Fe LDHs for hyperphosphatemia treatment, but their feasibility for gene delivery has not been systematically evaluated. As a starting point, we aimed to study the interaction between oligo-DNA and Mg/Fe LDH NPs. Our investigation revealed the chemisorption mechanism of DNA on Mg/Fe LDH surfaces, wherein the phosphate backbone of the DNA polymer coordinates with the metal cations of the LDH lattice via the ligand-exchange process. This mechanistic insight may facilitate future gene delivery applications using Mg/Fe LDH NPs.

Chemisorption Mechanism of DNA on Mg/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles: Insights into Engineering Effective SiRNA Delivery Systems.

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Chemisorption Mechanism of DNA on Mg/Fe Layered Double Hydroxide Nanoparticles: Insights into Engineering Effective SiRNA Delivery Systems.