Corals are fundamental ecosystem engineers, creating large, intricate reefs that support diverse and abundant marine life. At the core of a healthy coral animal is a dynamic relationship with microorganisms, including a mutually beneficial symbiosis with photosynthetic dinoflagellates (Symbiodinium spp.) and enduring partnerships with an array of bacterial, archaeal, fungal, protistan, and viral associates, collectively termed the coral holobiont. The combined genomes of this coral holobiont form a coral hologenome, and genomic interactions within the hologenome ultimately define the coral phenotype. Here we integrate contemporary scientific knowledge regarding the ecological, host-specific, and environmental forces shaping the diversity, specificity, and distribution of microbial symbionts within the coral holobiont, explore physiological pathways that contribute to holobiont fitness, and describe potential mechanisms for holobiont homeostasis. Understanding the role of the microbiome in coral resilience, acclimation, and environmental adaptation is a new frontier in reef science that will require large-scale collaborative research efforts.

Insights into the Coral Microbiome: Underpinning the Health and Resilience of Reef Ecosystems

Rapid improvements in the technology used to assess microbial communities have led to an expansion of the breadth and scope of microbial ecology research over the past 20 y. The rapid increase in microbiome research, spurred by nextgeneration amplicon sequencing, has allowed researchers to characterize the microbial communities of organisms and environments which were previously poorly understood. Research on marine invertebrates is still developing, with the mechanisms that determine interactions between the host and their associated microbes largely unknown. Bivalves are of particular interest because of their crucial ecological and economic roles. With the anticipation of shifting environmental conditions, defining the natural variation and role of bivalve-associated microbes is vital to more complex research questions. The current knowledge of the spatial and temporal distributions of bivalve-associated microbes, microbial functional and genetic diversity, host-specific and tissue-specific interactions, and core microbial community composition is summarized here, as well as the beginning stages of understanding the role of microbiome in bivalve physiology and disease susceptibility.

Microbial Ecology of the Bivalvia, with an Emphasis on the Family Ostreidae

We investigated the microbial communities associated with surface layer mucus, tissue and gastrovascular cavity of two azooxanthellate Caribbean cup corals (Tubastrea coccinea and Rhizopsammia goesi) to explore potential differences in microbial community composition within and among these azooxanthellate scleractinian corals. Using next-generation sequencing of the V3-V6 region of the 16S rRNA gene we found that while alpha-diversity was overall very similar, the relative abundance of microbial taxa differed between host species and among locations within a polyp (i.e., compartments). The distinct microbial assemblages between species is only challenged by the relatively high similarity among mucus samples of both species. This suggests a stronger signal of the surrounding environment and weaker host control over the mucus compartment compared with the tissue and gastrovascular cavity. Tubastrea coccinea harboured four indicator OTUs (including a Pseudoalteromonas species, an unidentified Gammaproteobacteria, an unidentified OTU in the family Comamonadaceae and one in the genus Burkholderia). The single indicator for R. goesi was another undetermined OTU in the Comamonadaceae. The microbial communities of the gastrovascular cavity and the mucus overlapped substantially in indicator OTUs. None of these were exclusive of the gastrovascular cavity or mucus, while an OTU of the order Thiohalorhabdales occurred uniquely in the tissue. In contrast to the gastrovascular cavity and mucus, the tissue of both coral species was rich in chloroplasts of different algal taxa (mainly Ulvophyceae and Stramenopiles), and an OTU of the genus Roseivirga (family Flammeovirgaceae). The two coral species shared most indicator OTUs for microbial communities residing in their mucus and tissue, but not in their gastrovascular cavities. However, Endozoicomonadaceae occurred in the tissue of both coral species. The genus Pseudomonas was found in R. goesi but was virtually absent in T. coccinea. This study demonstrates the influence of coral compartments and species identities on the composition of microbial communities associated with azooxanthellate cup corals and emphasizes the important effects of within-polyp microhabitats in structuring the coral microbiome.

/pdf/host-differentiation-and-compartmentalization-of-microbial-5ecdpj0ke4.pdf

Host Differentiation and Compartmentalization of Microbial Communities in the Azooxanthellate Cupcorals Tubastrea coccinea and Rhizopsammia goesi in the Caribbean

Natural extracts and compounds from marine resources have gained intensive scientific and industry attention for radioprotective activities in the past ten years. However, the marine-derived radioprotectants have been studied against UV-rays, gamma (γ)-rays and X-rays for more than 30 years. This review aims to identify key marine-derived extracts/compounds and their modes of action studied for radioprotective activities from 1986 to 2019. A comprehensive survey was conducted to establish the trend in terms of the publications each year and the countries of origin. A total of 40 extracts and 34 natural compounds showing radioprotective activities against UV-rays, gamma (γ)-rays and X-rays were identified from a range of marine plants and animals. These extracts and compounds are broadly categorized into polysaccharides, phlorotannins, carotenoids and mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs). Macroalgae and microalgae were found to be the dominant sources of polysaccharides, phlorotannins and carotenoids. MAAs were mainly identified in algae, sponges, sea cucumber and corals that showed significant UV-absorbing activities. A number of radioprotective mechanisms were shown by these compounds, predominantly free radicals scavenging, inhibition of apoptosis, UV-ray absorption and DNA damage-repair signaling pathways. While these bio-discoveries warrant further investigation and development of radioprotective therapeutics, however, the lack of clinical studies is a major obstacle to be tackled in the future.

/pdf/advances-on-marine-derived-natural-radioprotection-compounds-44sbtz4s9l.pdf

Advances on marine-derived natural radioprotection compounds: historic development and future perspective

Bleaching and recovery patterns of corals in Palk Bay, India: An indication of bleaching resilient reef

Reef-building corals encompass various strategies to defend against harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Coral mucus contains UV-absorbing compounds and has rich prokaryotic diversity associated with it. In this study, we isolated and characterized the UV-absorbing bacteria from the mucus of the corals Porites lutea and Acropora hyacinthus during the pre-summer and summer seasons. A total of 17 UV-absorbing bacteria were isolated and sequenced. The UV-absorbing bacteria showed UV absorption at wavelengths ranging from λ
 max = 333 nm to λ
 min = 208 nm. Analysis of the DNA sequences revealed that the majority of the UV-absorbing bacteria belonged to the family Firmicutes and the remaining belonged to the family Proteobacteria (class Gammaproteobacteria). Comparison of the sequences with the curated database yielded four distinct bacterial groups belonging to the genus Bacillus, Staphylococcus, Salinicoccus and Vibrio. The absorption peaks for the UV-absorbing bacteria shifted to the UV-A range (320–400 nm) when they were incubated at higher temperatures. Deciphering the complex relationship between corals and their associated bacteria will help us to understand their adaptive strategies to various stresses.

/pdf/uv-absorbing-bacteria-in-coral-mucus-and-their-response-to-386cld031y.pdf

UV-absorbing bacteria in coral mucus and their response to simulated temperature elevations

Virtual reality in tourism (virtual tourism) and blogging are highly valuable for visitors and travellers since they allow them to undertake a scouting trip before embarking on their adventure, avoid being hassled and avoid crowds while learning more about the location they are visiting or have already been. This paper provides an overview and analysis of the relationship between virtual tourism, blogging, and making the image of tourist destinations through promotion virtually and via blogs. According to the study's findings, virtual tourism cannot replace the actual experience, but it can assist in recreating it if the user has previously visited the location, bringing out new nuances in their experience, or giving them a taste of the destination ahead of time if they have not yet visited. Also, when it comes to digital marketing for tourism, blogging is the frosting on the cake because it is utilized for promotion and communication throughout the pre-travel period, focusing on behavioural factors. 

/pdf/virtual-reality-and-blogging-in-tourism-approached-towards-21ej27er.pdf

Virtual reality and blogging in tourism: approached towards creating better tourist experience

The tourism and travel industry is such an industry that has developed as the biggest worldwide industry in the 20th century and is anticipated to grow quicker day by day and events have become a big way to gather large amount of media interest, and attracting venture and moreover political interest, and this also lays the role of events combining with tourism. Events are the significant spark in tourism industry. The Asian nations have a wonderful history of showing their societies and cultures through different events and having tourism prospects. Although it is of common knowledge that event tourism as an industry has equally optimistic and pessimistic impacts on destinations and their communities, the impact of properly planned events on tourism has been a reason of escalating significance for destination competitiveness because they add a mixture of attractions to the tourist. Due to this reason only event tourism became established as an independent discipline a few decades ago. The reason behind this study is to assess principally the idea of events and the tourism industry and the connection linking events and tourism through theoretical study. In this chapter, the nature, evolution, growth and expansion of event tourism, and future challenges are discussed. 

Event Tourism: Prospects and Trends

Event Tourism and Sustainable Community Development

Event Tourism in Asian Countries

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