Self-assembly of biomass derivatives into multiple heteroatom-doped 3D-interconnected porous carbon for advanced supercapacitors

Due to the advantages of renewable, low pollution and wide distribution of biomass resources, it is selected as the electrode material for supercapacitors. For carbon-based electrode materials, specific surface area (SSA) and pore structure have a great influence. Exploring and summarizing the influence of activation on pore structure will greatly broaden this field. Based on the activation mechanism of activator, this paper summarizes the latest progress of biomass activation applied to supercapacitors, including traditional physical and chemical activation methods and non-traditional methods such as biological activation method, self-activation method template assisted activation method and green activator activation. Finally, the challenges, strategies and prospects for the future development of biomass-derived carbon material activation are pointed out. In summary, this review will help researchers choose appropriate strategies to design biomass-derived carbon electrode materials for supercapacitors, thereby promoting the application of biomass materials. 

Activation of biomass-derived porous carbon for supercapacitors: A review

In the past decades, fossil energy depletion, environmental pollution, and greenhouse gas emissions have resulted in serious health threats and ecological imbalances, which prompt researchers to explore green and sustainable supercapacitor energy storage and conversion systems. Biomass is a promising renewable energy source to use for biomass porous carbon for supercapacitor devices because it is renewable and has abundant reserves, a low price, and low pollution carbon energy. To date, although some reports have screened different biomass precursors, carbonization methods, and activation strategies and mechanisms, a comprehensive evaluation and critical review of the correlation among biomass porous carbon properties, including pore structure and surface chemistry, and electrochemical energy storage performances of supercapacitors are absent from a multidisciplinary assessment perspective. Therefore, in this review, we summarize recent advances in the biomass porous carbon synthesis process focusing on different carbonization and activation strategies, point out the scope of applicability and advantages/disadvantages of these methods in supercapacitor applications, and reveal the reaction mechanisms and limitations for commercial production. Then, the relationships among biomass porous carbon properties, including hierarchical porous structure, surface chemistry, specific surface area, and electrochemical performances of supercapacitors are reviewed in detail, which enables researchers to prepare and design advanced materials in a more rational way and facilitates them to explore more cutting-edge energy storage materials. Finally, two effective techniques including heteroatom doping and composite material construction are reviewed to address the general problem of low supercapacitor energy density. This review demonstrates the great potential of biomass porous carbon with superior properties, provides advanced tailoring and design viewpoints for the application fields of high-performance supercapacitors, and is expected to inspire new exploration and boost the practical commercial applications of biomass-derived hierarchical porous carbon material in more energy storage and conversion fields. 

Recent Progress and Future Directions of Biomass-Derived Hierarchical Porous Carbon: Designing, Preparation, and Supercapacitor Applications

Biomass-based porous carbon (BPC) with renewability and flexible nano/microstructure tunability has attracted increasing attention as efficient and cheap electrode materials for supercapacitors. To meet commercial needs, high mass-loading electrodes with high areal capacitance are preferred when designing supercapacitors. The increased mass percentage of active materials can effectively improve the energy density of supercapacitors. However, as the thickness of the electrode increases, it will face the following challenges including severely blocked ion transport channels, poor charging dynamics, poor electrode structural stability, and complex preparation processes. A bridge between theoretical research and practical applications of BPC electrodes for supercapacitors needs to be established. In this review, the advances of high mass-loading BPC electrodes for supercapacitors are summarized based on different biomass precursors. The key performance evaluation parameters of the high mass-loading electrodes are analyzed, and the performance influencing factors are systematically discussed, including specific surface area, pore structure, electrical conductivity, and surface functional groups. Subsequently, the promising optimization strategies for high mass-loading electrodes are summarized, including the structure regulation of electrode materials and the optimization of other supercapacitor components. Finally, the major challenges and opportunities of high mass-loading BPC electrodes in the future are discussed and outlined.

High Mass-Loading Biomass-Based Porous Carbon Electrodes for Supercapacitors: Review and Perspectives.

Walnut septum-derived hierarchical porous carbon for ultra-high-performance supercapacitors

The ever-increasing energy demand and fossil energy consumption accompanied by the worsening environmental pollution urge the invention and development of new, environmentally friendly and renewable high-performance energy devices. Among them, the supercapacitor has received massive attention, and the various electrode materials and polymer electrolytes have been exploited. The carbon-based electrodes and electrolytes derived from biomass are highly trusted as idea candidates for supercapacitors due to their attractive structure, abundance, low cost, renewability, and environmentally friendliness. This review will highlight the available characteristics of materials, synthetic strategies, and improvement approach of biomass-derived electrodes and electrolytes for application in supercapacitors. Future relative research trends also will be briefly discussed.

Biomass applied in supercapacitor energy storage devices

N/O co-doped hierarchically porous carbon with three-dimensional conductive network for high-performance supercapacitors

Self-doping porous carbon materials synthesis from bio-wastes sodium lignosulfonate with high performance for supercapacitors

One-Step Synthesis of O-Self-Doped Honeycomb-Like Hierarchically Porous Carbons for Supercapacitors

Multi-Doped Interconnected Carbon Nanospheres for High-Performance Supercapacitor

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