A key concern in agriculture is how to feed the expanding population and safeguard the environment from the ill effects of climate change. To feed a growing global population, food production and security are significant problems, as food output may need to double by 2050. Thus, more innovative and effective approaches for increasing agricultural productivity (hence, food production) are required to meet the rising demand for food. The world’s most widely cultivated grains include corn, wheat, and rice, which serve as the foundation for basic foods. This review focuses on some of the key most up-to-date approaches that boost wheat, rice, corn, barley, and oat yields with insight into how molecular technology and genetics may raise the production and resource-efficient use of these important grains. Although red light management and genetic manipulation show maximal grain yield enhancement, other covered strategies including bacterial-nutrient management, solar brightening, facing abiotic stress through innovative agricultural systems, fertilizer management, harmful gas emissions reduction, photosynthesis enhancement, stress tolerance, disease resistance, and varietal improvement also enhance grain production and increase plant resistance to harmful environmental circumstances. This study also discusses the potential challenges of the addressed approaches and possible future perspectives.

/pdf/enhancing-essential-grains-yield-for-sustainable-food-23iorpdu.pdf

Enhancing Essential Grains Yield for Sustainable Food Security and Bio-Safe Agriculture through Latest Innovative Approaches

Summary The importance of rhizomicrobiome in plant development, nutrition acquisition and stress tolerance is unquestionable. Relevant plant genes corresponding to the above functions also regulate rhizomicrobiome construction. Deciphering the molecular regulatory network of plant‐microbe interactions could substantially contribute to improving crop yield and quality. Here, the plant gene‐related nutrient uptake, biotic and abiotic stress resistance, which may influence the composition and function of microbial communities, are discussed in this review. In turn, the influence of microbes on the expression of functional plant genes, and thereby plant growth and immunity, is also reviewed. Moreover, we have specifically paid attention to techniques and methods used to link plant functional genes and rhizomicrobiome. Finally, we propose to further explore the molecular mechanisms and signalling pathways of microbe‐host gene interactions, which could potentially be used for managing plant health in agricultural systems.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdfdirect/10.1111/pbi.13950

Linking plant functional genes to rhizosphere microbes: a review

APETALA2/ethylene response factor (AP2/ERF) is widely found in the plant kingdom and plays crucial roles in transcriptional regulation and defense response of plant growth and development. Based on the research progress related to AP2/ERF genes, this paper focuses on the classification and structural features of AP2/ERF transcription factors, reviews the roles of rice AP2/ERF genes in the regulation of growth, development and stress responses, and discusses rice breeding potential and challenges. Taken together; studies of rice AP2/ERF genes may help to elucidate and enrich the multiple molecular mechanisms of how AP2/ERF genes regulate spikelet determinacy and floral organ development, flowering time, grain size and quality, embryogenesis, root development, hormone balance, nutrient use efficiency, and biotic and abiotic response processes. This will contribute to breeding excellent rice varieties with high yield and high resistance in a green, organic manner.

/pdf/molecular-events-of-rice-ap2-erf-transcription-factors-1zmass89.pdf

Molecular Events of Rice AP2/ERF Transcription Factors

With a changing climate and a growing population, the world increasingly needs more-productive and resilient crops. But improving them requires a knowledge of what actually works in the field. With a changing climate and a growing population, the world increasingly needs more-productive and resilient crops. But improving them requires a knowledge of what actually works in the field. 

Genetic modification can improve crop yields — but stop overselling it

Genetic improvement toward nitrogen-use efficiency in rice: lessons and perspectives.

Complex biological processes such as plant growth and development are often under the control of transcription factors that regulate the expression of large sets of genes and activate subordinate transcription factors in a cascade-like fashion. Here, by screening candidate photosynthesis-related transcription factors in rice, we identified a DREB (Dehydration Responsive Element Binding) family member, OsDREB1C, in which expression is induced by both light and low nitrogen status. We show that OsDREB1C drives functionally diverse transcriptional programs determining photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen utilization, and flowering time. Field trials with OsDREB1C-overexpressing rice revealed yield increases of 41.3 to 68.3% and, in addition, shortened growth duration, improved nitrogen use efficiency, and promoted efficient resource allocation, thus providing a strategy toward achieving much-needed increases in agricultural productivity. Description Genetic improvement drives rice yield Improvements in agricultural productivity could lessen the impact of agriculture on the environment and perhaps supply more food from less land. Working in rice, Wei et al. identified a transcription factor that, when overexpressed, has a variety of useful effects (see the Perspective by Kelly). The gene’s expression is induced by both light and low-nitrogen status, and it regulates photosynthetic capacity, nitrogen utilization, and flowering time. In field trials, plants overexpressing this gene delivered greater yield, shortened growth duration, and improved nitrogen use efficiency. —PJH Overexpression of a single transcription factor improves the agricultural productivity of rice. INTRODUCTION Rapid population growth, rising meat consumption, and the expanding use of crops for nonfood and nonfeed purposes increase the pressure on global food production. At the same time, the excessive use of nitrogen fertilizer to enhance agricultural production poses serious threats to both human health and the environment. To achieve the required yield increases and make agriculture more sustainable, intensified breeding and genetic engineering efforts are needed to obtain new crop varieties with higher photosynthetic capacity and improved nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). However, progress has been slow, largely due to the limited knowledge about regulator genes that potentially can coordinately optimize carbon assimilation and nitrogen utilization. RATIONALE Transcription factors control diverse biological processes by binding to the promoters (or intragenic regions) of target genes, and a number of transcription factors have been identified that control carbon fixation and nitrogen assimilation. A previous comparative analysis of maize and rice leaf transcriptomes and metabolomes revealed a set of 118 candidate transcription factors that may act as regulators of C4 photosynthesis. We screened these transcription factors for their responsiveness to light and nitrogen supply in rice, and found that the gene Dehydration-Responsive Element-Binding Protein 1C (OsDREB1C), a member of the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding factor (AP2/ERF) family, exhibits properties expected of a regulator that can simultaneously modulate photosynthesis and nitrogen utilization. RESULTS OsDREB1C expression is induced in rice by both light and low-nitrogen status. We generated overexpression lines (OsDREB1C-OE) and knockout mutants (OsDREB1C-KO) in rice, and conducted field trials in northern, southeastern, and southern China from 2018 to 2021. OsDREB1C-OE plants exhibited 41.3 to 68.3% higher yield than wild-type (WT) plants due to increased grain number per panicle, elevated grain weight, and enhanced harvest index. We observed that light-induced growth promotion of OsDREB1C-OE plants was accompanied by enhanced photosynthetic capacity and concomitant increases in photosynthetic assimilates. In addition, 15N feeding experiments and field studies with different nitrogen fertilization regimes revealed that NUE was improved in OsDREB1C-OE plants due to elevated nitrogen uptake and transport activity. Moreover, OsDREB1C overexpression led to more efficient carbon and nitrogen allocation from source to sink, thus boosting grain yield, particularly under low-nitrogen conditions. Additionally, the OsDREB1C-OE plants flowered 13 to 19 days earlier and accumulated higher biomass at the heading stage than WT plants under long-day conditions. OsDREB1C is localized in the nucleus and the cytosol and functions as a transcriptional activator that directly binds to cis elements in the DNA, including dehydration-responsive element (DRE)/C repeat (CRT), GCC, and G boxes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and transcriptomic analyses identified a total of 9735 putative OsDREB1C-binding sites at the genome-wide level. We discovered that five genes targeted by OsDREB1C [ribulose-l,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit 3 (OsRBCS3), nitrate reductase 2 (OsNR2), nitrate transporter 2.4 (OsNRT2.4), nitrate transporter 1.1B (OsNRT1.1B), and flowering locus T-like 1 (OsFTL1)] are closely associated with photosynthesis, nitrogen utilization, and flowering, the key traits altered by OsDREB1C overexpression. ChIP-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (ChIP-qPCR) and DNA affinity purification sequencing (DAP-seq) assays confirmed that OsDREB1C activates the transcription of these genes by binding to the promoter of OsRBCS3 and to exons of OsNR2, OsNRT2.4, OsNRT1.1B, and OsFTL1. By showing that biomass and yield increases can also be achieved by OsDREB1C overexpression in wheat and Arabidopsis, we have demonstrated that the mode of action and the biological function of the transcription factor are evolutionarily conserved. CONCLUSION Overexpression of OsDREB1C not only boosts grain yields but also confers higher NUE and early flowering. Our work demonstrates that by genetically modulating the expression of a single transcriptional regulator gene, substantial yield increases can be achieved while the growth duration of the crop is shortened. The existing natural allelic variation in OsDREB1C, the highly conserved function of the transcription factor in seed plants, and the ease with which its expression can be altered by genetic engineering suggest that this gene could be the target of future crop improvement strategies toward more efficient and more sustainable food production. OsDREB1C coordinates yield and growth duration. OsDREB1C was identified by its responsiveness to light and low nitrogen in a screen of 118 transcription factors related to C4 photosynthesis. Transcriptional activation of multiple downstream target genes by OsDREB1C confers enhanced photosynthesis, improved nitrogen utilization, and early flowering. Together, the activated genes cause substantial yield increases in rice and wheat.

A transcriptional regulator that boosts grain yields and shortens the growth duration of rice

Despite the great success achieved by the exploitation of heterosis in rice, the genetic basis of heterosis is still not well understood. We adopted an advanced-backcross breeding strategy to dissect the genetic basis of heterosis for yield and eight related traits. Four testcross (TC) populations with 228 testcross F 1 combinations were developed by crossing 57 introgression lines with four types of widely used male sterile lines using a North Carolina II mating design. Analysis of variance indicated that the effects of testcross F 1 combinations and their parents were significant or highly significant for most of the traits in both years, and all interaction effects with year were significant for most of the traits. Positive midparent heterosis (H MP ) was observed for most traits in the four TC populations in the two years. The relative H MP levels for most traits varied from highly negative to highly positive. Sixty-two dominant-effect QTL were identified for H MP of the nine traits in the four TC populations in the two years. Of these, 22 QTL were also identified for the performance of testcross F 1 . Most dominant-effect QTL could individually explain more than 10% of the phenotypic variation. Four QTL clusters were observed including the region surrounding the RM9–RM297 region on chromosome 1, the RM110–RM279–RM8–RM5699–RM452 region on chromosome 2, the RM5463 locus on chromosome 6 and the RM1146–RM147 region on chromosome 10. The identified QTL for heterosis provide valuable information for dissecting the genetic basis of heterosis.

Dissection of heterosis for yield and related traits using populations derived from introgression lines in rice

Florigen-like protein OsFTL1 promotes flowering without essential florigens Hd3a and RFT1 in rice.

Rice fructokinases orchestrate carbon partitioning to regulate photosynthesis and sugar metabolism

The invention provides an SSR molecular marker technology-based rapid identification method for general combining ability of yield traits of a filial generation of a rice restorer line. Bilateral molecular markers in tight linkage with high general combining ability of an elite restorer line Shuhui 527 is used for backcross of Shuhui 527 and introduced into the progeny of Shuhui 527 for molecular marker genotype detection, so an individual plant with high general combining ability can be rapidly, accurately and highly efficiently selected. The method is simple to operate and free of influence by environmental conditions, so breeding cost can be reduced, breeding progress can be accelerated, and breeding time can be shortened; thus, the method can improve breeding efficiency and has wide application prospects.

Rapid identification method for general combining ability of yield traits of filial generation of rice restorer line

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