Periplaneta americana, a magic medicinal insect being present for over 300 million years, exhibits desirable therapeutic outcome for gastrointestinal ulcer treatment. Nowadays, P. americana ethanol extract (PAE) has been shown to ameliorate ulcerative colitis (UC) by either single-use or in combination with other therapeutic agents in clinics. However, its underlying mechanisms are still seldom known. Herein, we investigated the anti-UC activity of PAE by alleviating intestinal inflammation and regulating the disturbed gut microbiota structure in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC rats. Based on multiple constitute analyses by HPLC for quality control, PAE was administrated to DSS-induced UC rats by oral gavage for 2 weeks. The anti-UC effect of PAE was evaluated by inflammatory cytokine production, immunohistochemical staining, and gut microbiota analysis via 16S rRNA sequencing. As a result, PAE remarkably attenuated DSS-induced UC in rats. The colonic inflammatory responses manifested as decreased colonic atrophy, intestinal histopathology scores and inflammatory cytokines. In addition, PAE improved the intestinal barrier function via activating Keap1/Nrf-2 pathway and promoting the expressions of tight junction proteins. It was observed that the UC rats showed symptoms of gut microbial disturbance, i.e., the increased Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio and the significantly decreased probiotics such as Lactobacillus, Roseburia, and Pectobacterium, which were negatively correlated with these detected pro-inflammatory cytokines (secreted by immune CD4+ T cells, and including IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-8, IL-17, IL-1 beta). Besides, PAE administration regulated the abnormal intestinal microbial composition and made it similar to that in normal rats. Therefore, PAE could attenuate the DSS-induced UC in rats, by means of ameliorating intestinal inflammation, improving intestinal barrier function, and regulating the disturbed gut microbiota, especially improving beneficial intestinal flora growth, modulating the flora structure, and restoring the intestinal-immune system.

/pdf/periplaneta-americana-ameliorates-dextran-sulfate-sodium-5bbt2gx1iw.pdf

Periplaneta americana Ameliorates Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Ulcerative Colitis in Rats by Keap1/Nrf-2 Activation, Intestinal Barrier Function, and Gut Microbiota Regulation.

Analytical strategies for the determination of amino acids: Past, present and future trends

Amino acids are present in a variety of matrices from biological fluids to plant and animal tissues. We discuss options for amino acid extraction, sample clean-up and protein hydrolysis. Chromatographic separation of native amino acids is difficult due to their structure and physiochemical properties. Most analysts derivatise amino acids prior to analysis which improves the signal-to-noise ratio, provides more efficient ionisation and allows the use of reverse phase chromatography. Since chiral analysis is becoming increasingly important, we discuss chiral column chromatography and the use of chiral derivatisation agents. The choice of detector and parameters is based on a wide array of criteria including whether amino acids are native or derivatised and if targeted or untargeted analysis is being performed. This tutorial review aims to act as both a guide and to provide an overview of the techniques scientists currently employ for the analysis of amino acids via liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry.

Considerations for amino acid analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: a tutorial review

Calcineurin inhibitor nephrotoxicity, especially for the widely used tacrolimus, has become a major concern in post-transplant immunosuppression. Multiparametric amino acid metabolomics is useful for biomarker identification of tacrolimus nephrotoxicity, for which specific quantitative methods are highlighted as a premise. This article presents a targeted metabolomic assay to quantify 33 amino acids and biogenic amines in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Chromatographic separation was carried out on an Agilent Zorbax SB-C18 column (3.0 × 150 mm, 5 μm) with addition of an ion-pairing agent in the mobile phase, and MS/MS detection was achieved in both the positive and negative multiple reaction monitoring modes. Good correlation coefficients (r2 > 0.98) were obtained for most analytes. Intra- and inter-day precision, stability, carryover and incurred sample reanalysis met with the acceptance criteria of the guidance of the US Food and Drug Administration. Analysis on urine from healthy volunteers and renal transplantation patients with tacrolimus nephrotoxicity confirmed symmetric dimethylarginine and serine as biomarkers for kidney injury, with AUC values of 0.95 and 0.81 in receiver operating characteristic analysis, respectively. Additionally, symmetric dimethylarginine exhibited a tight correlation with serum creatinine, and was therefore indicative of renal function. The targeted metabolomic assay was time and cost prohibitive for amino acid analysis in human urine, facilitating the biomarker identification of tacrolimus nephrotoxicity.

Targeted metabolomic analysis of 33 amino acids and biogenic amines in human urine by ion-pairing HPLC-MS/MS: Biomarkers for tacrolimus nephrotoxicity after renal transplantation

The Ziziphus species are considered to be the medicine and food dual purposes plants. Among them, the seed of Z. jujuba var. spinosa (ZS) has traditionally been used as an ethnomedicine in Asian countries for thousands years. Owing to the significant benefits for human health, the demand for ZS increased year by year, and the wild resources have become increasingly scarce, which resulted in a shortage of market supply for ZS and product adulteration by substituting ZS with the seeds of Z. mauritiana Lam. (ZM). However, whether the bioactivity of ZM is similar to ZS has not been fully confirmed till now. Thus, to provide potential information for evaluating the similarity of the health promoting activities between these two Ziziphus seeds, their chemical profiles, including triterpenoids, flavonoids, nucleosides, free amino acids and fatty acids were compared using HPLC-ELSD, UHPLC-TQ MS and GC-MS methods. Furthermore, a more holistic investigation was performed with multivariate PCA and OPLS-DA analyses to explore the relative variability between the seeds of two species. The results showed that a significant difference exists between ZS and ZM, and ZS was more rich in saponins, polyunsaturated fatty acids and some amino acids, whereas ZM was particularly rich in saturated fatty acids and flavonoids. The above results suggested the bioactivities of ZM for human health may not be similar to ZS owing to their difference in chemical profiles. These results would also be helpful for distinguishing the ZM from ZS with the chemical markers obtained from the study, and set a scientific foundation for establishing the quality control method of ZS.

/pdf/comparison-of-the-bioactive-components-in-two-seeds-of-13ybzsgcso.pdf

Comparison of the Bioactive Components in Two Seeds of Ziziphus Species by Different Analytical Approaches Combined with Chemometrics.

To evaluate the nutritional and functional value of Sipunculus nudus, a rapid, simple and sensitive analytical method was developed using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with a triple quadrupole mass detection in multiple-reaction monitoring mode for the simultaneous quantitative determination of 25 free amino acids and 16 nucleosides and nucleobases in S. nudus within 20 min, which was confirmed to be reproducible and accurate. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) were between 0.003–0.229 μg/mL and 0.008–0.763 μg/mL for the 41 analytes, respectively. The established method was applied to analyze 19 batches of S. nudus samples from four habitats with two different processing methods. The results showed that S. nudus contained a variety of free amino acids, nucleosides and nucleobases in sufficient quantity and reasonable proportion. They also demonstrated that the contents of these compounds in different parts of S. nudus were significantly discriminating, which were in the order: (highest) coelomic fluid > body wall > intestine (lowest). The method is simple and accurate, and could serve as a technical support for establishing quality control of S. nudus and other functional seafoods. Moreover, the research results also laid foundation for further exploitation and development of S. nudus.

https://www.mdpi.com/1420-3049/21/4/408/pdf

Simultaneous Quantitation of Free Amino Acids, Nucleosides and Nucleobases in Sipunculus nudus by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry.

Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Thais luteostoma extracts and underlying mechanisms.

The invention discloses application of thais clavigera to the preparation of an antipyretic and anti-inflammatory medicine. The pharmacological activity of the thais clavigera is screened through a lot of experiments; and experimental results show that a soft body extract of the thais clavigera or shell powder of the thais clavigera has a strong effect of inhibiting acute inflammation models of mouse ear swelling caused by dimethylbenzene and mouse pedal swelling caused by carrageenan, shows good antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities, also has the antioxidant capacity, and can strengthen the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), eliminate oxygen free radicals, and reduce the release of malondialdehyde. The thais clavigera has an important significance for fully utilizing vast ocean resources and developing novel safe and effective marine medicines.

Application of thais clavigera to preparation of antipyretic and anti-inflammatory medicine

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Simultaneous Quantitation of Free Amino Acids, Nucleosides and Nucleobases in Sipunculus nudus by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Triple Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry.

Antipyretic and anti-inflammatory activities of Thais luteostoma extracts and underlying mechanisms.

Application of thais clavigera to preparation of antipyretic and anti-inflammatory medicine