Early detection of health and welfare compromises in commercial piggeries is essential for timely intervention to enhance treatment success, reduce impact on welfare, and promote sustainable pig production. Behavioural changes that precede or accompany subclinical and clinical signs may have diagnostic value. Often referred to as sickness behaviour, this encompasses changes in feeding, drinking, and elimination behaviours, social behaviours, and locomotion and posture. Such subtle changes in behaviour are not easy to quantify and require lengthy observation input by staff, which is impractical on a commercial scale. Automated early-warning systems may provide an alternative by objectively measuring behaviour with sensors to automatically monitor and detect behavioural changes. This paper aims to: (1) review the quantifiable changes in behaviours with potential diagnostic value; (2) subsequently identify available sensors for measuring behaviours; and (3) describe the progress towards automating monitoring and detection, which may allow such behavioural changes to be captured, measured, and interpreted and thus lead to automation in commercial, housed piggeries. Multiple sensor modalities are available for automatic measurement and monitoring of behaviour, which require humans to actively identify behavioural changes. This has been demonstrated for the detection of small deviations in diurnal drinking, deviations in feeding behaviour, monitoring coughs and vocalisation, and monitoring thermal comfort, but not social behaviour. However, current progress is in the early stages of developing fully automated detection systems that do not require humans to identify behavioural changes; e.g., through automated alerts sent to mobile phones. Challenges for achieving automation are multifaceted and trade-offs are considered between health, welfare, and costs, between analysis of individuals and groups, and between generic and compromise-specific behaviours.

Early detection of health and welfare compromises through automated detection of behavioural changes in pigs

Energy use is an important consideration for developing more sustainable agricultural practices. Identifying animal production methods that maximize energy efficiency and minimize greenhouse gas emissions is vital. This study determined the energy use and the energy use efficiency (EUE) of two specialized dairy farms with different barn planning systems in Konya, Turkey. Total energy use included both the direct energy and indirect energy consumed during the production of farm inputs. This study investigated changes in energy use and EUE between Dairy Farm A, with a freestall dairy cattle housing system (ADF), and Dairy Farm B, with loose housing systems (BDF).



The results showed that animal feed accounted for a high percentage of total energy use and that electricity comprised the major portion of the direct energy used on both farms. The total energy use per hectare was lower for ADF compared with BDF. The energy productivity of the farms was set at 5.4 L milk per 100 MJ−1and 3.9 L milk per 100 MJ−1 for energy use on ADF and BDF, respectively. EUE was highly dependent on the energy inputs. For that reason, it is recommended that freestall dairy cattle barns be used for dairy cattle breeding and milk production. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 32: 1202–1208, 2013

Comparison of the energy efficiency of dairy production farms using different housing systems

In the design of dairy cattle shelters, behavior of the animals, climatic environmental factors and herd management have a significant impact. The most important function of dairy cattle barns to protect animals from unfavorable environmental conditions and to increase productivity will be achieved per animal providing with adequate housing environment for them. The most three important factors affecting yield in livestock raising are genetic, nutrition and environmental conditions, respectively. These three factors in order to achieve the highest level efficiency from the animals should be handled at the same time. Stress factors in dairy cattle are composed of structural, climatical and social environments. The stress resulting from the climatic environmental conditions occur due to changes of climatic values in the environment in which hosted of the animals. The most important parameter affecting the productivity of dairy cattle is climatical factors. Climatic environmental conditions consist of temperature, air velocity, relative humidity, solar radiation and light etc. parameters. The temperatures within the climatic environmental conditions are more important with regards to can exhibit normal behavior of the animals and their ability to sustain physiological activities. In dairy cattle, associated with rise above of optimum temperature zone of temperature will be broken heat balance of the body and the animals will enter the heat stress if this excess heat does not take away the of body. Shortly after the start of heat stress, declines will occur in milk yield and animal losses will be inevitable if necessary precautions are not taken. In this review, studies conducted related to in dairy cattle breeding how it should be of climatic environmental conditions suitable to animal behavior and effects on dairy cattle of heat stress were summarized.

/pdf/effects-of-heat-stress-on-dairy-cattle-2bfi3feuaa.pdf

Effects of Heat Stress on Dairy Cattle

Simple Summary Heat stress (HS) is a complex phenomenon which triggers a variety of animal response mechanisms that have negative impact on livestock welfare and their production. While these negative effects are well established and known to be associated with production responses, growing body of evidence suggests that HS leads to negative effects on the immune response of dairy cattle. The stress response primarily modulates the immune response via the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis but is also likely to shift the adaptive immune function from cell mediated to humoral immunity and thus weakens the animal immune function. While the various management strategies such as providing shade and sprinklers for cows, and nutritional supplementation could be adopted to ameliorate some of the negative effects, further research is required to better understand the impact on production responses because of altered immune status of dairy cattle during HS. Abstract Heat stress (HS) is well known to influence animal health and livestock productivity negatively. Heat stress is a multi-billion-dollar global problem. It impairs animal performance during summer when animals are exposed to high ambient temperatures, direct and indirect solar radiations, and humidity. While significant developments have been achieved over the last few decades to mitigate the negative impact of HS, such as physical modification of the environment to protect the animals from direct heat, HS remains a significant challenge for the dairy industry compromising dairy cattle health and welfare. In such a scenario, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of how the immune system of dairy cattle responds to HS and identify the variable responses among the animals. This understanding could help to identify heat-resilient dairy animals for breeding and may lead to the development of climate resilient breeds in the future to support sustainable dairy cattle production. There are sufficient data demonstrating the impact of increased temperature and humidity on endocrine responses to HS in dairy cattle, especially changes in concentration of hormones like prolactin and cortisol, which also provide an indication of the likely im-pact on the immune system. In this paper, we review the recent research on the impact of HS on immunity of calves during early life to adult lactating and dry cows. Additionally, different strategies for amelioration of negative effects of HS have been presented.

/pdf/the-impact-of-heat-stress-on-immune-status-of-dairy-cattle-3m3kzglc.pdf

The Impact of Heat Stress on Immune Status of Dairy Cattle and Strategies to Ameliorate the Negative Effects

The dairy cattle behaviors and time budget and barn area usage in freestall housing.

Bu arastirma, Konya ilinde 36 adet besi sigirciligi isletmesindeki 39 adet bagli durakli ve 17 adet serbest sistemde planlanmis toplam 56 adet  barinakta yurutulmustur. Ildeki isletmelerin genel ozellikleri ve isletmelerde bulunan barinaklarin yapisal ozellikleri incelenerek hayvan yetistiriciligine uygunlugu arastirilmistir. Sonuc olarak, isletmelerin onemli bir bolumunun arazi varligi 1 ha’dan kucuktur. Serbest sistem barinaklarin genellikle 1998 ve sonrasi insa edilmelerine ragmen, planlama yonunden yetersiz olduklari belirlenmistir. Dinlenme alani yerlesim sikligi, serbest sistem barinaklarin % 62.50’sinde 2-6 m 2 /hay.; gezinme alani yerlesim sikligi, barinaklarin % 53.33’unde 5 m 2 /hay. degerinin altindadir. Yemleme uzunlugu ise serbest sistem barinaklarin buyuk bolumunde 0.60 m’nin uzerindedir. Genel olarak, bagli durakli barinaklarin yapi ve planlama yonunden yetersiz oldugu ve son yillarda isletmelerin serbest ve serbest durakli sistem barinaklarda yetistiricilige yoneldikleri gozlemlenmistir.

/pdf/konya-ili-besi-sigiri-isletmelerinin-yapisal-analizi-39qpemh31u.pdf

Konya i̇li̇ besi̇ siğiri i̇şletmeleri̇ni̇n yapisal anali̇zi̇

The design of appropriate housing for cow comfort is important to increase animal production The objectives of this study were to observe daily activity of dairy cattle (lying, standing, feeding, walking, watering, milking and other behaviour) and investigate the association between the time budget of dairy cows and housing systems; the time budget of dairy cows and climatic conditions This study was carried out to determine time budget and the effect of different housing systems and seasons on the time budget of dairy cattle between 2006 and 2008 in Konya-Turkey Behaviours of animals were investigated in open loose and freestall dairy houses Behaviours of cows (n=48) were observed during 1920 h (80 d) using continuous sampling method, by using video cameras Annual average time budget of dairy cows was determined as 1017±040 h/day lying, 267±029 h/day standing, 774±036 h/day feeding, 039±003 h/day drinking, 151±015 h/day walking, 043±011 h/day other behaviours, 109±004 h/day milking in open loose barn and as 1091±032 h/day lying, 330±031 h/day standing, 609±027 h/day feeding, 043±003 h/day drinking, 238±013 h/day walking, 032±004 h/day other behaviours, 057±001 h/day milking in freestall barn The effect of seasons on lying, standing, feeding and walking behaviour was important in both dairy housing systems (P<005, both) Standing behaviour increased from 193±020 h/day to 537±045 h/day while lying behaviour decreased from 1212±056 h/day to 762±062 h/day in winter because of negative climatic and barn condition As a result, under wet and muddy housing floor, duration of lying behaviour decreased and standing behaviour duration increased This situation causes decrease in the milk production of dairy cattle

/pdf/the-time-budget-of-dairy-cows-as-affected-by-season-and-30wjh8vlb0.pdf

The time budget of dairy cows as affected by season and housing system.

Bu arastirmada sut sigirlari icin daha uygun bir barinma olusturulmasi amaciyla, farkli bir barinak tasarim calismasi yapilmistir. Calismada hayvanlarin stressiz bir yapida barindirilmasi, her mevsimde uygun iklimsel cevre olusturulmasi ve is gucunun ekonomik kullanilmasi kavramlari esas alinmistir.Serbest Durakli Barinak tipinde tasarlanan yapida, iki yapi arasinda kalan kaplanmis gezinme alani hava akimlarindan korunarak, yemlemenin kis mevsiminde bu alanda yapilmasi dusunulmustur. Ana yapilara ekli daha genis toprak zeminli gezinme alani planlanarak bu alanin yaz mevsiminde kullanilmasi saglanmistir.Tasarlanan yapida dinlenme alaninda yerlesim sikligi 5.0 m 2 /hayvan olurken, kaplanmis ve toprak gezinme alanlarinda yerlesim sikligi sirasiyla 5.3 m 2 /hayvan ve 23.8 m 2 /hayvan olarak planlanmistir.

/pdf/sut-sigiri-barinaklarinin-tasariminda-mevsimsel-etkiler-5dtl6qtjvl.pdf

Süt siğiri barinaklarinin tasariminda mevsi̇msel etki̇ler

The effect of new designed micro animal housing on the air speed distribution in the barn for providing of climatic comfort to the cattles.

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