This paper presents sub-Terahertz (THz) channel characterization and modeling for an indoor industrial scenario based on radio propagation measurements at 142 GHz in four factories. We selected 82 transmitter-receiver (TX-RX) locations in both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-LOS (NLOS) conditions and collected over 75,000 spatial and temporal channel impulse responses. The TX-RX distance ranged from 5 to 87 m. Steerable directional horn antennas were employed at both ends and were switched between vertical and horizontal polarization. Measurements were conducted with the low RX and high RX to characterize the propagation channel for close-to-floor applications such as automated guided vehicles. Results show that the low RXs experience an average path loss increase of 10.7 dB and 6.0 dB at LOS and NLOS locations, respectively. In addition, channel enhancement measurements were conducted using a steerable large flat metal plate as a passive reflecting surface, demonstrating omnidirectional path loss reduction from 0.5 to 22 dB with a mean of 6.5 dB. This paper presents the first statistical channel characterization and path loss modeling at sub-THz frequencies, highlighting the potential for ultra-broadband factory communications in the 6G era. 

142 GHz Sub-Terahertz Radio Propagation Measurements and Channel Characterization in Factory Buildings

Indoor propagation scenarios have drawn high interest, with several reported results being available. Nevertheless, more campaigns are still needed. Universidad Politecnica de Madrid (UPM) has carried out several indoor propagation campaigns at the 26, 32 and 39 GHz millimeter-wave frequency bands in a corridor indoor scenario. In this paper, multi-frequency path loss propagation results are presented for both line-of-sight (LOS) and non-light-of-sight (NLOS) conditions. These results are modeled with the CIF and ABG fittings and compared with available millimeter-wave models. Also, CI and FI coefficients for NLOS conditions are provided.

Path Loss Results in an Indoor Corridor Scenario at the 26, 32 and 39 GHz Millimeter-Wave Bands

Communications in the mmWave spectrum are gaining relevance in the last years as they are a promising candidate to cope with the increasing demand of throughput and latency in different use cases. Nowadays, several efforts have been carried out to characterize the propagation medium of these signals with the aim of designing their corresponding communication protocols accordingly, and a wide variety of both outdoor/indoor locations have already been studied. However, very few works endorse industrial scenarios, which are particularly demanding due to their stringent requirements in terms of reliability, determinism, and latency. This work aims to provide an insight of the propagation of 60 GHz mmWave signals in a typical industrial workshop in order to explore the particularities of this kind of scenario. In order to achieve this, an extensive measurement campaign has been carried out in this environment and a stochastic channel model has been proposed and validated.

Measurement based stochastic channel model for 60 GHz mmWave industrial communications

The deployment of 5G networks has improved indoor coverage, especially in subway stations. However, these environments pose challenges due to their complexity, high user density, signal losses, and costs of distributed antenna systems (DAS). This paper presents a beyond 5G (B5G) methodology for network planning using reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RIS) and massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) antennas in sub- 6 GHz and mmW ave frequencies, adhering to ETSI standards, and considering that sub- 6 GHz has greater coverage and penetration than mmWave. Detailed planning and simulations for La Pradera Metro station in Quito were conducted using the 5G indoor-hotspot (In-H) model and validated with Winprop. Our results show enhanced coverage/capacity over $191.75 \mathrm{~m}^{2}$, achieving peak throughput between 2.34 and 4.73 Gbps, significantly improving user service quality. This paper provides advanced indoor network design methodologies, offering insights for future 5G and B5G implementations.

Beyond 5G: Comprehensive Radio Network Coverage/Capacity Planning for Subway Station Indoor scenario using RIS/Massive MIMO

The Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) enables machines to communicate robustly. High reliability, high throughput, and low latency are the critical capabilities of IIoT, which have posed great challenges to existing wireless solutions for industrial applications. Due to the vast available bandwidth, the emerging millimeter-wave (mmWave) technology is promising to address this bottleneck. However, the propagation behaviors at such high frequencies in the harsh industrial environment have yet been well understood. In this work, extensive measurements have been conducted in a representative industrial application scenario using a 2-GHz wideband directional channel sounder in the 28-GHz mmWave band. By exploiting the measurement with excellent resolution, the multipath components’ (MPCs) delay-angular space is transformed onto the scatter points (SPs) in the propagation environment. An effective clustering algorithm is then proposed to cluster the SPs without prior knowledge and iterations. Through a geometrical optics analysis, the SP clusters are classified corresponding to the reflectors. By doing this, the cluster-generating reflectors are reduced to a quasi-deterministic (QD) channel model that ensures spatial consistency and MPCs’ stochastic dispersion. Finally, it is shown that the measurement data agrees well with the proposed QD model, indicating the high fidelity of the proposed model.

Quasi-Deterministic Modeling for Industrial IoT Channels Based on Millimeter Wave Measurements

Research and development for the commercial deployment of 5G are accelerating and millimeter wave bands, which can utilize a wider bandwidth to realize larger capacity than conventional frequency bands, have become a focal point. These millimeter wave bands are different from conventional frequency bands in propagation characteristics, such as large blockage loss. Furthermore, the 5G system also assumes the case of new indoor use, such as industrial robots in factories and so forth. Therefore, a suitable propagation model for millimeter wave bands is necessary to evaluate 5G system performance by simulation or to design 5G area. In this paper, measurement campaigns of the path loss, the power delay profile and the azimuth angular profile of arrival were conducted in an indoor factory environment. In addition, we propose a suitable propagation estimation model for the indoor environment and we clarify that the proposed model is more suitable than the conventional model of the International Telecommunication Union Radiocommunication sector (ITU-R) in a subway platform by applying the measured results to a subway platform.

Measurement and Modeling of Propagation Characteristics for an Indoor Environment in the 28 GHz-band

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a base station apparatus and the like capable of reducing an influence of initialization of the base station apparatus or the like on communication of a terminal apparatus.SOLUTION: The base station apparatus includes: a wireless communication unit that communicates with a terminal device wirelessly; an instruction acquisition unit that acquires a predetermined instruction; and a handover control unit that, when the predetermined instruction is acquired by the instruction acquisition unit, performs control to cause the terminal device of a communication opponent to perform handover to another base station device.SELECTED DRAWING: Figure 1

Base station apparatus, control method, and program

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Measurement and Modeling of Propagation Characteristics for an Indoor Environment in the 28 GHz-band

Base station apparatus, control method, and program