Industrial odors have been a major concern in many communities in Colorado (USA). Odor source identification is important for any mitigation strategy. The aim of this work was to identify odor sources using wind direction and odor data collected by social participation. For more than one year residents reported time, date, location and description of the odor occurrence by means of a smartphone technology. The odor spatial distribution and wind roses generated from local stations were used to identify odor sources. The majority of odor reports happened in North Denver (57%) and Greeley (33%). North Denver analysis showed that a single facility that manufactures pet food was responsible for the pet food odor (the most reported odor, 81 reports). Dead animal and sewage odors were associated with a North Denver meat and grease recycling facility, and the Metro Wastewater treatment plant, respectively. Roofing tar odor was probably associated with a facility that treats crossties and utility poles with creosote. Another odor that was often described as a refinery odor was less likely to be associated with the Denver oil refinery and more likely to be associated with one of the four facilities in the northwest of Globeville that uses asphalt and creosote materials. In Greeley, most reports (133 reports) happened in LaSalle, a small town in the southern part of Greeley. All reports from LaSalle described one offensive odor that was produced by a biogas facility east of LaSalle. The feasibility of odor source identification using wind direction and social participation was demonstrated. A regional cooperation to reduce odor problems in North Denver is highly recommended.

https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/16/7/1242/pdf

Industrial Odor Source Identification Based on Wind Direction and Social Participation.

This paper compares results of using - dynamic triangular forced-choice olfactometry (DTFCO), Mask Scentometers, Nasal Rangers®, and an odor intensity reference scale (OIRS) –intensity ratings - to assess odors in a controlled-environment chamber in the Iowa State University Air Dispersion Laboratory. The methods were used to assess thirteen odor levels in the chamber where swine manure mixed with water was used to vary the odor levels. Dynamic triangular forced-choice olfactometry did not correlate well to the other ambient odor assessment methods. Predicting D/T using intensity ratings degraded Ro2 with the other methods in all cases. Average Intensity-predicted D/T, the Mask Scentometer and the Nasal Ranger® correlated well with each other, had strong Ro2 (greater than 0.85), had regression slopes nearest one, and the session means were not found to be significantly different (a=0.05). Using the geometric means of the device D/T settings, (D/T)G, improved Ro2 between the other methods and the Nasal Ranger® and Mask Scentometer. Average Intensity-predicted D/T values were three to four times higher than Nasal Ranger® assessment ((D/T)G and D/T, respectively), and a Nasal Ranger® (D/T)G was roughly five times higher than Mask Scentometer (D/T)G.

Comparison of Ambient Odor Assessment Techniques in a Controlled Environment

Return period and Pareto analyses of 45 years of tropical cyclone data (1970–2014) in the Philippines

Replication studies are essential for evaluating the validity of previous research findings. However, it has proven challenging to reproduce the results of ecological and evolutionary studies, partly because of the complexity and lability of many of the phenomena being investigated, but also due to small sample sizes, low statistical power and publication bias. Additionally, replication is often considered too difficult in field settings where many factors are beyond the investigator's control and where spatial and temporal dependencies may be strong. We investigated the feasibility of reproducing original research findings in the field of chemical ecology by performing an exact replication of a previous study of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). In the original study, skin swabs from 41 mother-offspring pairs from two adjacent breeding colonies on Bird Island, South Georgia, were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Seals from the two colonies differed significantly in their chemical fingerprints, suggesting that colony membership may be chemically encoded, and mothers were also chemically similar to their pups, hinting at the possible involvement of phenotype matching in mother-offspring recognition. In the current study, we generated and analyzed chemical data from a non-overlapping sample of 50 mother-offspring pairs from the same two colonies 5 years later. The original results were corroborated in both hypothesis testing and estimation contexts, with p-values remaining highly significant and effect sizes, standardized between studies by bootstrapping the chemical data over individuals, being of comparable magnitude. However, exact replication studies are only capable of showing whether a given effect can be replicated in a specific setting. We therefore investigated whether chemical signatures are colony-specific in general by expanding the geographic coverage of our study to include pups from a total of six colonies around Bird Island. We detected significant chemical differences in all but a handful of pairwise comparisons between colonies. This finding adds weight to our original conclusion that colony membership is chemically encoded, and suggests that chemical patterns of colony membership not only persist over time but can also be generalized over space. Our study systematically confirms and extends our previous findings, while also implying more broadly that spatial and temporal heterogeneity need not necessarily negate the reproduction and generalization of ecological research findings.

Chemical patterns of colony membership and mother-offspring similarity in Antarctic fur seals are reproducible.

Abstract A component of urban landscape, smell sources affect the urban atmosphere based on various activities. In this atmosphere, several unpleasant odors and pleasant smells are present and dispersion of these smells vary based on spatial attributes. Thus, in the present study, urban smellscapes in Kastamonu province urban center with various smellscapes and diverse physical structure were determined with human evaluator and smell measurement device to determine whether urban physical structure and climatic factors were effective on the dispersion modeled with the IDW method in GIS. Since the odor density changes depending on temperature and humidity, the study was carried out in all seasons for 1 year and serial measurements were analyzed for 1 month in August in the most suitable climatic period. The study findings demonstrated that smell sources and intensity varied based on spatial and climatic properties on a route with different occupancy types; thus, smell did not affect the space at different point but as an area. Therefore, the element of smell should be integrated into planning and design work based on the dispersion property of smell. 

Analysis of Odor Distribution in Urban Landscape With GIS

This study combines Ordinary Kriging, odor monitoring, and wind direction data to demonstrate how these elements can be applied to identify the source of an industrial odor The specific case study used as an example of how to address this issue was the University Park neighborhood of Portland, Oregon (USA) where residents frequently complain about industrial odors, and suspect the main source to be a nearby Daimler Trucks North America LLC manufacturing plant We collected 19,665 odor observations plus 105,120 wind measurements, using an automated weather station to measure winds in the area at five-minute intervals, logging continuously from December 2014 through November 2015, while we also measured odors at 19 locations, three times per day, using methods from the American Society of the International Association for Testing and Materials Our results quantify how winds vary with season and time of day when industrial odors were observed versus when they were not observed, while also mapping spatiotemporal patterns in these odors using Ordinary Kriging Our analyses show that industrial odors were detected most frequently to the northwest of the Daimler plant, mostly when winds blew from the southeast, suggesting Daimler’s facility is a likely source for much of this odor

/pdf/combining-ordinary-kriging-with-wind-directions-to-identify-2mipcdhvfg.pdf

Combining Ordinary Kriging with wind directions to identify sources of industrial odors in Portland, Oregon.

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Combining Ordinary Kriging with wind directions to identify sources of industrial odors in Portland, Oregon.