Optical monitors have proven their versatility into the studies of air quality in the workplace and indoor environments. The current study aimed to perform a screening of the indoor environment regarding the presence of various fractions of particulate matter (PM) and the specific thermal microclimate in a classroom occupied with students in March 2019 (before COVID-19 pandemic) and in March 2021 (during pandemic) at Valahia University Campus, Targoviste, Romania. The objectives were to assess the potential exposure of students and academic personnel to PM and to observe the performances of various sensors and monitors (particle counter, PM monitors, and indoor microclimate sensors). PM1 ranged between 29 and 41 μg m-3 and PM10 ranged between 30 and 42 μg m-3. It was observed that the particles belonged mostly to fine and submicrometric fractions in acceptable thermal environments according to the PPD and PMV indices. The particle counter recorded preponderantly 0.3, 0.5, and 1.0 micron categories. The average acute dose rate was estimated as 6.58 × 10-4 mg/kg-day (CV = 14.3%) for the 20-40 years range. Wearing masks may influence the indoor microclimate and PM levels but additional experiments should be performed at a finer scale.

Performance Evaluation of Particulate Matter and Indoor Microclimate Monitors in University Classrooms under COVID-19 Restrictions.

Personal PM2.5-bound PAH exposure, oxidative stress and lung function: The associations and mediation effects in healthy young adults.

Objective: This chapter reviews scientific information related to urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress assessed in a firefighting context and their potential for being used in future biomonitoring studies. Background: Firefighters are exposed to several hazard chemicals and physical and mentally-demanding activities than can disrupt body homeostasis. Oxidative stress results from a disequilibrium in oxidation/reduction reactions which can mainly lead to lipid peroxidation and DNA oxidation. There are several urinary biomarkers that can be used for biomonitoring of oxidative stress (e.g., isoprostane, malondialdehyde, and oxidized guanine species). Method: Literature data until April 2021 were retrieved from the main scientific databases and thoroughly analyzed. Results: Information is scarce and available studies have only considered so far wildland firefighting (wildland fires and prescribed burns), with no significant cross-shift changes in lipid peroxidation biomarkers. However, the DNA oxidation biomarker, 8-hydroxy-2’-deoxyguanosine significantly increased in wildland firefighters after exposure to fire emissions. In addition, data are needed to understand the impact of structural firefighting in 8-isoprostane and malondialdehyde urinary levels. Conclusion: Even though there are few studies exploring urinary biomarkers of oxidative stress, they present the potential to be applied in cross-sectional and cohort studies in several types of firefighters. Application: Firefighters’ health monitoring and occupational medicine.

Insight into the Potential of Urinary Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress for Firefighters’ Health Surveillance

Particulate matter (PM) is a mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets found in the air, and it is one of the most harmful air pollutants. When inhaled, it affects the pulmonary system, cardiovascular systems, and other tissues. The size, composition, and deposition of PM, mainly related to fine and ultrafine particulate matter, are factors that determine the harmful effects of exposure to particles. Among the main effects is the inducer of ROS production, and consequently oxidative tissue damage in target organs and other responses, mediated by inflammatory cytokines and cellular stress response. The main pathway through which particles are potent mediators of oxidative stress is the damage caused to DNA and lipid molecules, whereas the pro-inflammatory response involves an immune response against PM, which in turn, it is related to cell stress responses observed by heat shock proteins (HSPs) expression and release. Thus, the ability of an organism to respond to PM inhalation requires anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and cellular stress defenses that can be impaired in susceptible subjects as people with chronic diseases as diabetes and obesity. In this chapter, we discuss the mechanistic aspects of PM effects on health and present some animal research models in particle inhalation studies.

Environmental Particulate Air Pollution Exposure and the Oxidative Stress Responses: A Brief Review of the Impact on the Organism and Animal Models of Research

We conducted a crossover study employing air cleaner intervention among 125 schoolchildren aged 9-12 years in a boarding school in Beijing, China. The PM concentrations were monitored, and 27 biomarkers were analyzed. We used the linear mixed-effects model to evaluate the association of intervention/time-weighted PM concentrations with biomarkers. The outcomes showed that air cleaner intervention was associated with FeNO, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) IL-1β, and IL-6, which decreased by 12.57%, 10.83%, and 4.33%, respectively. Similar results were observed in the associations with PMs. Lag 1 day PMs had the strongest relationship with biomarkers, and significant changes were observed in biomarkers such as FEV1, FeNO, EBC 8-iso, and MCP-1. Boys showed higher percentage changes than girls, and the related biomarkers were FeNO, EBC 4-HNE, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1. The results showed that biomarkers such as FeNO, EBC IL-6, MCP-1, and 4-HNE could sensitively reflect the early abnormal response of the respiratory system under short-term PM exposure among healthy schoolchildren and indicated that (1) air cleaners exert a protective effect on children's respiratory system. (2) PM had lag and cumulative effect, lag 1 day had the greatest effect. (3) The boys were more sensitive than the girls.

Pulmonary Benefits of Intervention with Air Cleaner among Schoolchildren in Beijing: A Randomized Double-Blind Crossover Study.

Ambient particulate matter compositions and increased oxidative stress: Exposure-response analysis among high-level exposed population.

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Ambient particulate matter compositions and increased oxidative stress: Exposure-response analysis among high-level exposed population.