The overzealous and indiscriminate use of most of the synthetic fungicides has created different types of environmental and toxicological problems. Recently, in different parts of the world, attention has been paid towards exploitation of higher plant products as novel chemotherapeutants in plant protection. The popularity of botanical pesticides is once again increasing and some plant products are being used globally as green pesticides. Pyrethroids and neem products are well established commercially as botanical pesticides and recently some essential oils of higher plants have also been used as antimicrobials against storage pests because of their relatively safe status and wide acceptance by the consumers. Some of the volatile oils, which often contain the principal aromatic and flavouring components of herbs and spices, have been recommended as plant based antimicrobials to retard microbial contamination and reduction in spoilage of food commodities. In the context of agricultural pest management, botanical pesticides are best suited for use in organic food production in industrialized countries but can play a much greater role in the production and post harvest protection of food products in developing countries.

https://file.scirp.org/pdf/AS20120300013_23840567.pdf

Efficacy of plant extracts in plant disease management

Reconstruction of the superior vena cava: Benefits of postoperative surveillance and secondary endovascular interventions

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of stent dilation of venous obstructions/occlusions to permit transvenous pacing lead implantation. Innominate vein or superior vena cava (SVG) obstruction may preclude the implantation of transvenous pacing leads. Patients with d-transposition of the great arteries, after a Mustard or Senning procedure, and children with previously placed transvenous pacing leads are at higher risk for this vascular complication. From May 1993 to January 1996, eight pediatric patients who underwent transvenous pacing lead implantation or replacement were found to have significant innominate vein or SVC obstruction or occlusion. Utilizing intravascular stents, a combined interventional and electrophysiological approach was used to relieve the venous obstruction and to permit implantation of a new transvenous pacing lead. Two patients had complete SVC occlusion requiring puncture through the obstruction with a transseptal needle. Vessel recanalization was achieved with balloon dilation and stent implantation. The remaining six patients had severe venous obstruction with a mean minimum diameter of 3.1 +/- 3.3 mm. The mean pressure gradient across the obstructed veins was 8.6 +/- 7.3 mmHg. Following implantation of 15 Palmaz P308 stents in eight vessels, the mean diameter increased to 14.2 +/- 1.9 mm and the mean pressure gradient across the stented vessels decreased to 1.0 +/- 2.0 mmHg. A transvenous pacing lead was implanted successfully through the stent(s) immediately or 6-8 weeks later. Innominate vein and SVC obstruction can be safely and effectively relieved with intravascular stents and permit immediate or subsequent transvenous pacing lead implantation.

Stent Dilation of Superior Vena Cava and Innominate Vein Obstructions Permits Transvenous Pacing Lead Implantation

Neointimal fibrotic lead encapsulation – Clinical challenges and demands for implantable cardiac electronic devices

Venous stenting as treatment for pacemaker-induced superior vena cava syndrome

Superior vena cava thrombosis due to pacing electrodes: successful treatment with combined thrombolysis and angioplasty.

Foot rot and bakanae caused by Fusarium fujikuroi Nirenberg [teleomorph: Gibberella fujikuroi (Sawada) Wollenweber] is a major production constraint in export quality Basmati rice in Haryana. In vitro growth inhibition tests of six fungicides revealed that the EC 50 values of fungicides varied from 0.34 to 724.43 ppm a.i. Trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% 75 WG was the most inhibitory (EC 50 0.34 ppm a.i.). In terms of EC 90 values, carbendazim 50 WP was the most toxic (EC 90 1.14 ppm a.i.) followed by tebuconazole 250 EC and trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% 75 WG with EC 90 values of 3.89 and 4.36 ppm. Field trials conducted in nursery beds and transplanted crop indicated that all the fungicides and a biocontrol agent Trichoderma viride reduced bakanae incidence significantly. Tebuconazole 250 EC, trifloxystrobin 25% + tebuconazole 50% 75 WG and kresoxim methyl 44.3 SC (statistically on par) were found to be highly effective in reducing the disease incidence in both the cultivars closely followed by carbendazim 50 WP and azoxystrobin 44.3 SC. In transplanted crop also, tebuconazole 250 EC was observed to be the most effective in reducing bakanae incidence and enhancing grain yield of paddy. Seed treatment with T. viride at 5 g/kg seed provided about 60 per cent disease control in both the cultivars. A significant increase in grain yield was also observed in each treatment.

http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IPPJ/article/download/58369/24510

Management of foot rot and bakanae of rice through fungicides

Field trials conducted at CCSHAD Rice Research Station, Kaul during Khari 2003 to 2009 revealed that out of 4052 rice genotypes and 22 near isogenic lines (NILs) evaluated under artificial epiphytotics, 45 genotypes viz. BC1F1-1094-128-549-0-1-0, BC4F1, 111-120-2735-12, CR 837, CRK22, CRMAS 2231–36, CRMAS 2231–37, CRMAS 2231–48, CRMAS 2232–23, CRMAS 2621-7-1, CRMAS 2621-7-2, CRMAS 2622-2-2, CRMAS 2622-3-4, CRMAS 2622-7-6, CRMAS 2622-43-5, HKR 95–75, HKR 95–128, HKR 95–131, HKR 95–138, HKR 99–57, HKR 99–58, HKR 99–60 (HKR 48), HKR 2000–57, HKR 2001-115, HKR 2001-116, PAD 1973-121-1-2-1-1, PAD 2020-10-3-1, PAD 2520-3-2-3-2-1-2-2-2, PAD 2769-20-2-3-3-2-1-2, PAD 2991-48-2, PAD 2991-102-1, PAD 3040-3-4-4, PAD 3042-33-4, PAD 3075-20-3, PAD 3110-37-1-1-1, PAD 3111-45-1, PAD 3116-7-8-1, PAD 3127-143-2-1, PR 106-P2 PR 106-P9 PR 116, PR 118, RP Bio 170, RP Bio 226, SS 1113, Tainjung 72 and three NILs namely, IRBB 58 (Xa4 + xa13 + Xa21), IRBB 59 (xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) and IRBB 60 (Xa4 + xa5 + xa13 + Xa21) were found consistently resistant to bacterial blight caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Among various botanicals and non-conventional chemicals evaluated, foliar application of dimethyl sulphoxide, crude extract of Pilkhan (Ficus infectoria) fruits, Aonla (Emblica officinalis) leaves and soil application of probenazole reduced the disease severity by 30–35 per cent. However, maximum disease control (54.4%) along with a significant increase in grain yield were provided by a combination treatment of single spray of 2,4-D ethyl ester (1.0 mg/l) and two sprays of Streptocycline (200 mg/l) + copper oxychloride (2.5 g/l) followed by a combination of nickel nitrate and maleic acid.

Sources of resistance, effectiveness of Xa/xa genes and evaluation of botanicals and non-conventional chemicals against bacterial blight of rice

Pattern of rice diseases in Haryana.

Field experiments were conducted at CCSHAU Rice Research Station, Kaul during kharif 2008 to 2011 to study the effect of time of inoculation of bacterial blight pathogen ( Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae ) and varied levels of incidence and severity of neck blast on grain yield and yield attributes of non-scented and scented rice varieties. Inoculation of bacterial blight pathogen 30 days after transplanting (DAT) resulted in a maximum mean yield loss of 29.88% followed by inoculation at 45 DAT while the losses were minimum when rice varieties were inoculated at 75 DAT. Among the varieties, the overall mean yield loss was maximum in Pusa Basmati-1 (35.76%) followed by CSR 30 and Haryana Shankar Dhan-1 while it was minimum in HKR 47. The maximum yield loss was recorded in Pusa Basmati-1 (45.14%) followed by Haryana Shankar Dhan-1 (31.29%) while it was minimum in HKR 47 (22.62%) when inoculated at 30 DAT. The corresponding losses in grain yield of these cultivars were 22.44, 5.38 and 1.53% when inoculated at 75 DAT. There was a significant increase in per cent chaffy grains (5.47 to 17.53%) with increasing levels of neck blast incidence from 30 to 100% while 1000 grain weight and grain yield of 100 panicles was reduced by 7.52 to 23.88% and 1.77 to 37.52%, respectively as the disease incidence increased from 0 to 100%. With regards to neck blast severity, the chaffy grains increased from 5.00 to 28.48% while 1000 grain weight and grain yield of 100 panicles decreased by 0.73 to 33.81% and 1.49 to 59.80% as the neck blast severity increased from grade 1 (panicles with small lesions without engirdling of the neck region) to grade 3 (completely engirdled panicles), respectively.

Estimation of losses in grain yield due to bacterial blight and neck blast of rice in Haryana

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