Valuing the carbon sequestration regulation service by seagrass ecosystems of Palk Bay and Chilika, India

Net ecosystem metabolism and subsequent changes in environmental variables were studied seasonally in the seagrass-dominated Palk Bay, located along the southeast coast of India. The results showed that although the water column was typically net heterotrophic, the ecosystem as a whole displayed autotrophic characteristics. The mean net community production from the seagrass meadows was 99.31 ± 45.13 mM C m-2 d-1, while the P/R ratio varied between 1.49 and 1.56. Oxygen produced through in situ photosynthesis, exhibited higher dependence over dissolved CO2 and available light. Apportionment of carbon stores in biomass indicated that nearly three-fourths were available belowground compared to aboveground. However, the sediment horizon accumulated nearly 40 times more carbon than live biomass. The carbon storage capacities of the sediments and seagrass biomass were comparable with the global mean for seagrass meadows. The results of this study highlight the major role of seagrass meadows in modification of seawater chemistry. Though the seagrass meadows of Palk Bay are increasingly subject to human impacts, with coupled regulatory and management efforts focused on improved water quality and habitat conservation, these key coastal ecosystems will continue to be valuable for climate change mitigation, considering their vital role in C dynamics and interactions with the overlying water column.

Seagrass metabolism and carbon dynamics in a tropical coastal embayment

Seagrass meadows as proxy for assessment of ecosystem health

Coral reefs are degraded by the synergistic action of climate and anthropogenic stressors. Coral cover in the Palk Bay reef at the northern Indian Ocean largely declined in the past decade due to frequent bleaching events, tsunami and increased fishing activities. In this study, we carried out a comparative assessment to assess the differences in the recovery and resilience of three spatially distant reefs viz. Vedhalai, Mandapam and Pamban along Palk Bay affected by moderate, severe and low fishing pressure respectively. The assessment was based on the juvenile coral recruitment pattern and its survivability combined with availability of hard substratum, live coral cover and herbivore reef fish stock. The Vedhalai reef has the highest coral cover (14.6 ± 6.3%), and ≥90% of the live corals in Vedhalai and Mandapam were affected by turf algal overgrowth. The density of herbivore reef fish was low in Vedhalai and Mandapam reefs compared to the Pamban reef with relatively few grazing species. The juvenile coral diversity and density were high in the Pamban reef and low in Vedhalai and Mandapam reefs despite high hard substratum cover. In total, 22 species of juvenile corals of 10 genera were recorded in Palk Bay. Comparison of the species diversity of juvenile corals with adult ones suggested that the Pamban reef is connected with other distant reefs whereas Vedhalai and Mandapam reefs were self-seeded. There was no statistically significant difference in the survivability of juvenile corals between the study sites, and in total, ≥90% of the juvenile corals survived the high sedimentation stress triggered by the northeast monsoon and bleaching stress that occurred recurrently. Our results indicated that the human activities indirectly affected the juvenile coral recruitment by degrading the live coral cover and contributed to the spatial variation in the recovery and resilience of the Palk Bay reef. Low species diversity of the juvenile corals will increase the vulnerability of the Palk Bay reef to species-specific endemic threats.

Resilience potential of an Indian Ocean reef: an assessment through coral recruitment pattern and survivability of juvenile corals to recurrent stress events

Skeletal growth anomalies (SGA) are easily recognizable disease in reef-forming corals which drain energy from the host and end up with mortality. We collected mucus samples of healthy and SGA affected colonies of Acropora cytherea from Palk Bay, the southeast coast of India and investigated the taxonomic composition of mucus-associated bacterial communities using full-length 16S rRNA gene nanopore sequencing. Metagenomic analysis revealed the dominance of Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria in both healthy and diseased samples. The proportion of Proteobacteria in diseased samples was almost doubled compared to the healthy one, whereas Acidobacteria (fourth dominant phyla in healthy sample) and Actinobacteria were significantly low in diseased samples. Planctomycetes, Cyanobacteria and Chloroflexi were some of the other major phyla found in healthy samples which were low in diseased corals. Kruskal-Wallis test indicated high number of putative pathogenic bacteria group viz. Staphylococcus, Salmonella, Klebsiella and Escherichia in diseased samples compared to healthy coral. The corals perhaps have acquired potential pathogens belong to the phylum Proteobacteria during SGA formation.

/pdf/bacterial-communities-associated-with-healthy-and-diseased-175nne8tc5.pdf

Bacterial Communities Associated With Healthy and Diseased (Skeletal Growth Anomaly) Reef Coral Acropora cytherea From Palk Bay, India

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/pdf/community-structure-and-coral-status-across-reef-fishing-2zj7lzo49x.pdf

Community structure and coral status across reef fishing intensity gradients in Palk Bay reef, southeast coast of India

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Community structure and coral status across reef fishing intensity gradients in Palk Bay reef, southeast coast of India