We investigate the subfemtosecond dynamics of a highly excited xenon atom coherently driven by a strong control field at which the Rabi frequency of the system is comparable to the frequency of a driving laser. The widely used rotating-wave approximation breaks down at such fields, resulting in features such as the counter-rotating-wave (CRW) effect. We present a time-resolved observation of the CRW effect in the highly excited $4{d}^{\ensuremath{-}1}np$ xenon using attosecond transient absorption spectroscopy. Time-dependent many-body theory confirms the observation and explains the various features of the absorption spectrum seen in experiment.

/pdf/attosecond-counter-rotating-wave-effect-in-xenon-driven-by-1btffpgpjd.pdf

Attosecond counter-rotating-wave effect in xenon driven by strong fields

We investigate the interaction of a multilevel atom with a short femtosecond optical pulse beyond the scope of the rotating-wave approximation. We consider the behavior of a three-level atom under the action of two optical pulses resonant with two allowed transitions and a two-level atom under the action of a resonant optical pulse. It is shown that the imaginary part of the off-diagonal elements of the density matrix oscillates with high frequency due to the counter-rotating terms. It is shown also that an effective time-dependent addition to the Rabi frequency exists, which is of importance for ultrashort optical pulses.

Rabi frequency and optical bloch equations for a short femtosecond optical pulse

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Rabi frequency and optical bloch equations for a short femtosecond optical pulse