Wheat stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is a re-emerging disease, posing a significant threat to durum wheat production worldwide. The limited number of stem rust resistance genes in modern cultivars compels us to identify and incorporate new effective genes in durum wheat breeding programs. We evaluated 8,245 spring durum wheat accessions deposited at the USDA National Small Grains Collection (NSGC) for resistance in field stem rust nurseries in Debre Zeit, Ethiopia and St. Paul, MN (USA). A higher level of disease development was observed at the Debre Zeit nursery compared with St. Paul, and the effective alleles of Sr13 in this nursery did not display the level of resistance observed at the St. Paul nursery. Four hundred and ninety-one (∽6%) accessions exhibited resistant to moderately susceptible responses after three field evaluations at Debre Zeit and two at St. Paul. Nearly 70% of these accessions originated from Ethiopia, Mexico, Egypt, and USA. Eight additional countries, namely Portugal, Turkey, Italy, Canada, Chile, Australia, Syria, and Tunisia contributed to 19% of the resistant to moderately susceptible entries. Among the 491 resistant to moderately susceptible accessions, 53.8% (n = 265) were landraces, and 28.4% (n = 139) and 11.4% (n = 55) were breeding lines and cultivars, respectively. Breeding lines and cultivars displayed a higher level and frequency of resistance than the landraces. We concluded that a large number of durum wheat accessions from diverse origins deposited at the NSGC can be exploited for diversifying and improving stem rust resistance in wheat.

https://acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/csc2.20466

Field resistance to wheat stem rust in durum wheat accessions deposited at the USDA National Small Grains Collection

Stability analysis for selecting stem rust resistance in some Ethiopian durum wheat varieties.

Stem rust caused by Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici is a significant wheat production constraint in southeastern Ethiopia. Burkard 7-days volumetric spore trap was mounted in a field at Sinana Agricultural Research Center to examine the seasonal movement of urediospores of P. graminis f.sp.tritici during the cropping seasons of 2001-2006. Disease trap plots were also established to monitor the epidemics of stem rust on durum wheat at three major wheat growing and rust prone districts of Bale highlands viz., Sinana, Agarfa and Herero. Results showed that urediospores exist in the air throughout the year though the concentration considerably varied among the months and seasons, possibly because of the variation in weather condition and cropping time. The highest urediospores catch (613.8 - 2629.7 urediospores per m3 of air) was observed during the months of October/November-January. Number of urediospores per m3 of air was generally low but was rarely reduced to zero during the months of crop free period. Low to moderate levels of stem rust epidemics (not exceeding 30%) were recorded on durum wheat cultivars used for traps. Exceptions were at Sinana in 2001 and at Herero in 2002 and 2005 cropping seasons during which up to 60% stem rust severity levels were recorded. On the other hand, the level of stem rust severity (up to 80%) on some commercial bread wheat varieties included in this study for comparison revealed the development of high disease pressure. Durum wheat cultivars Cocorit 71, Gerardo, DZ 1928-2, DZ-2234 and CD 95759-11M showed resistant reaction to stem rust consistently over locations and years. This points to the existence of a high level of durable resistance in the tetraploid wheat species to the existing stem rust pathotypes in the most suitable environment for the development of the disease. Keywords: Durum Wheat; Epidemics; Stem Rust; Urediospores

/pdf/patterns-of-urediospore-movement-and-monitoring-epidemics-of-3531zzac3o.pdf

Patterns of Urediospore Movement and Monitoring Epidemics of Stem Rust ( Puccinia graminis f.sp.tritici) on Durum Wheat in Southeastern Ethiopia

Rapid spread of a virulent race of stem rust of wheat has increased interest in looking different source of resistance. This investigation was carried out to identify possible sources of resistance in Ethiopian commercial wheat cultivars to the current stem rust race, UG99. 23 bread and 14 durum wheat cultivars were evaluated in two different sets. A standard bread wheat cultivar PBW343 (Sr31) as well as Morocco and Arendeto were included as susceptible checks. In seedling test, plants were inoculated with pure TTKS race and evaluated for their infection types. In field test, a 5 x 5 and 4 x 4 simple lattice design was used to evaluate bread and durum wheat cultivars respectively. Each block was separated by the spreader row composed of PBW343 and Morocco in a 3: 1 ratio. In order to create epidemics, natural infection was supplemented artificially by inoculating the spreader rows at different growth stages. Area under Disease Progress Curve (AUDPC) was calculated and analyzed. Coefficient of Infection (CI) was calculated by taking the severity of stem rust and response. Terminal severity of the cultivars was also considered for comparison. In the seedling test, all of the durum except Arendeto, Foka and Kilinto were resistant. However, most of the bread wheat cultivars were susceptible. Similar results were obtained in the field screening of wheat cultivars at Debre Zeit, an international known hotspot for stem rust of wheat. The identified sources of resistance in some bread and most durum wheat will serve as source in breeding programs for resistance to stem rust of wheat. Attempts should also be made to transfer stem rust resistance from durum to bread wheat as a valuable component of breeding strategy that will contribute to sustainable production of the crop. Furthermore, it is essential that the identified resistant wheat cultivars be evaluated against dominant stem rust races in different wheat growing areas of the country.

Evaluation of Ethiopian commercial wheat cultivars for resistance to stem rust of wheat race 'UG99'.

Stability of stem rust resistance in some Ethiopian durum wheat varieties.

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Stability of stem rust resistance in some Ethiopian durum wheat varieties.