Langmuir−Blodgett technique was used to assemble monolayers (with areas over 20 cm2) of aligned silver nanowires that are ∼50 nm in diameter and 2−3 μm in length. These nanowires possess pentagonal cross-sections and pyramidal tips. They are close-packed and are aligned parallel to each other. The resulting nanowire monolayers serve as excellent substrates for surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) with large electromagnetic field enhancement factors (2 × 105 for thiol and 2,4-dinitrotoluene, and 2 × 109 for Rhodamine 6G) and can readily be used in ultrasensitive, molecule-specific sensing utilizing vibrational signatures.

/pdf/langmuir-blodgett-silver-nanowire-monolayers-for-molecular-1m9km7j4ic.pdf

Langmuir-Blodgett Silver Nanowire Monolayers for Molecular Sensing Using Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

This critical review is focused on examples reported from 1947 to 2010 related to the design of chromo-fluorogenic chemosensors and reagents for explosives (141 references).

/pdf/optical-chemosensors-and-reagents-to-detect-explosives-50tyjzolpv.pdf

Optical chemosensors and reagents to detect explosives

https://web.uvic.ca/~agbrolo/ACA_GFS_MF_2011.pdf

A review on the fabrication of substrates for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy and their applications in analytical chemistry.

The detection of chemical explosives is crucial for military and civilian safety. A confluence of chemistry and engineering continues to improve the sensitivity for several classes of explosives, and holds the promise of cheap and portable sensing. Optical and fluorescence-based sensors have been extensively researched for portable applications due to their sensitivity and portability. This tutorial review discusses chemical approaches to sensing explosives based on an optical readout, and summarizes recent advances in fluorescence strategies, including fluorescence turn-on. It is of interest to researchers working in the areas of materials chemistry or forensics.

Optical explosives detection: from color changes to fluorescence turn-on

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) combines molecular fingerprint specificity with potential single-molecule sensitivity. Therefore, the SERS technique is an attractive tool for sensing molecules in trace amounts within the field of chemical and biochemical analytics. Since SERS is an ongoing topic, which can be illustrated by the increased annual number of publications within the last few years, this review reflects the progress and trends in SERS research in approximately the last three years. The main reason why the SERS technique has not been established as a routine analytic technique, despite its high specificity and sensitivity, is due to the low reproducibility of the SERS signal. Thus, this review is dominated by the discussion of the various concepts for generating powerful, reproducible, SERS-active surfaces. Furthermore, the limit of sensitivity in SERS is introduced in the context of single-molecule spectroscopy and the calculation of the 'real' enhancement factor. In order to shed more light onto the underlying molecular processes of SERS, the theoretical description of SERS spectra is also a growing research field and will be summarized here. In addition, the recording of SERS spectra is affected by a number of parameters, such as laser power, integration time, and analyte concentration. To benefit from synergies, SERS is combined with other methods, such as scanning probe microscopy and microfluidics, which illustrates the broad applications of this powerful technique.

Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS): progress and trends

Surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) of a model derivative of TNT was detected using a microflow cell designed within the framework of the lab-on-a-chip concept, using only the analyte and readily available reagents. The SERRS substrate, silver colloid, was prepared in situ, on-chip, by borohydride reduction of silver nitrate. The silver colloid was imaged within the chip using a white light microscope in either transmission or, due to the high reflectivity of the colloid, reflection mode. A fine stream of colloid ∼30 μm in width was formed in a 250-μm-wide channel at the point where the colloid preparation reagents met. The chip was designed to produce a concentrated stream of colloid within a laminar regime, such that particles did not readily disperse into the fluid. One result of this was to reduce the effective volume of analysis. Attempts to deliberately disrupt this stream with microstructured pillars, fabricated in the fluidic channels, were unsuccessful. The chip was also designed ...

SERRS. In Situ Substrate Formation and Improved Detection Using Microfluidics

The first SERRS multiplexing from labelled oligonucleotides in a microfluidics lab-on-a-chip

A comparison is made of the quantitative detection of a labeled antibody by surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS) and by fluorescence using the same instrument with the same laser excitation source. The area under the curve for the fluorescence band is greater than for any single peak in the SERRS spectrum, but the broad fluorescence band is more difficult to discriminate from the background at low concentrations. Using the peak height of one SERRS band and the peak height at the fluorescence maximum, the detection limit for SERRS was lower (1.19 × 10-11 mol·dm-3) than that obtained using fluorescence (3.46 × 10-10 mol·dm-3). The SERRS detection limit is calculated for the concentration of the sample added, but compared to fluorescence, there is an additional dilution step due to the addition of the colloid and the extent of this dilution is dependent on assay format. For comparison with the detection limits found earlier with labeled oligonucleotides, SERRS was remeasured with a 10 s accumu...

Comparison of Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering and Fluorescence for Detection of a Labeled Antibody

Selective functionalisation of TNT for sensitive detection by SERRS

A flow system for the production of stable, reproducible batches of silver colloid for use as substrates for surface-enhanced resonance Raman spectroscopy (SERRS) is described. The colloids were prepared by borohydride reduction of silver nitrate and subsequent stabilization was achieved by adding trisodium citrate. The batches of colloid produced were analyzed using UV-visible spectroscopy and their suitability for use as SERRS substrates was assessed using 3,5-dimethoxy-4-(5'-azobenzotriazole)phenylamine as the analyte. SERRS analysis was carried out using a flowcell. Using the method described, batches of silver colloid were prepared that were stable for at least five months and when used as SERRS substrates resulted in a relative standard deviation in SERRS intensity of 3,5-dimethoxy-4-(5'-azobenzotriazole)phenylamine of 6.6% between colloid batches. The robustness of the system for production of stable, reproducible colloids was assessed using experimental design. The final method proposed enables reproducible, time-stable colloid to be made in a simple manner, thus eliminating one of the major problems associated with the use of SERRS detection in analytical procedures.

Preparation of Stable, Reproducible Silver Colloids for Use as Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering Substrates

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