The emerging viewpoint of embodied cognition holds that cognitive processes are deeply rooted in the body’s interactions with the world. This position actually houses a number of distinct claims, some of which are more controversial than others. This paper distinguishes and evaluates the following six claims: (1) cognition is situated; (2) cognition is time-pressured; (3) we off-load cognitive work onto the environment; (4) the environment is part of the cognitive system; (5) cognition is for action; (6) offline cognition is body based. Of these, the first three and the fifth appear to be at least partially true, and their usefulness is best evaluated in terms of the range of their applicability. The fourth claim, I argue, is deeply problematic. The sixth claim has received the least attention in the literature on embodied cognition, but it may in fact be the best documented and most powerful of the six claims.

/pdf/six-views-of-embodied-cognition-2l6klwi201.pdf

Six views of embodied cognition.

We are all faced with uncertainty about the future, but we can get the measure of some uncertainties in terms of probabilities. Probabilities are notoriously difficult to communicate effectively to lay audiences, and in this review we examine current practice for communicating uncertainties visually, using examples drawn from sport, weather, climate, health, economics, and politics. Despite the burgeoning interest in infographics, there is limited experimental evidence on how different types of visualizations are processed and understood, although the effectiveness of some graphics clearly depends on the relative numeracy of an audience. Fortunately, it is increasingly easy to present data in the form of interactive visualizations and in multiple types of representation that can be adjusted to user needs and capabilities. Nonetheless, communicating deeper uncertainties resulting from incomplete or disputed knowledge—or from essential indeterminacy about the future—remains a challenge.

/pdf/visualizing-uncertainty-about-the-future-24dy6lm8o6.pdf

Visualizing Uncertainty About the Future

This article summarizes the results of the workshop on Visualization, Analytics & Spatial Decision Support, which took place at the GIScience conference in September 2006. The discussions at the workshop and analysis of the state of the art have revealed a need in concerted cross-disciplinary efforts to achieve substantial progress in supporting space-related decision making. The size and complexity of real-life problems together with their ill-defined nature call for a true synergy between the power of computational techniques and the human capabilities to analyze, envision, reason, and deliberate. Existing methods and tools are yet far from enabling this synergy. Appropriate methods can only appear as a result of a focused research based on the achievements in the fields of geovisualization and information visualization, human-computer interaction, geographic information science, operations research, data mining and machine learning, decision science, cognitive science, and other disciplines. The name 'Geovisual Analytics for Spatial Decision Support' suggested for this new research direction emphasizes the importance of visualization and interactive visual interfaces and the link with the emerging research discipline of Visual Analytics. This article, as well as the whole special issue, is meant to attract the attention of scientists with relevant expertise and interests to the major challenges requiring multidisciplinary efforts and to promote the establishment of a dedicated research community where an appropriate range of competences is combined with an appropriate breadth of thinking.

/pdf/geovisual-analytics-for-spatial-decision-support-setting-the-1ft2r4sirm.pdf

Geovisual analytics for spatial decision support: Setting the research agenda

Semiology of Graphics: Diagrams Networks Maps.

Visual analytics aims to combine the strengths of human and electronic data processing. Visualisation, whereby humans and computers cooperate through graphics, is the means through which this is achieved. Seamless and sophisticated synergies are required for analysing spatio-temporal data and solving spatio-temporal problems. In modern society, spatio-temporal analysis is not solely the business of professional analysts. Many citizens need or would be interested in undertaking analysis of information in time and space. Researchers should find approaches to deal with the complexities of the current data and problems and find ways to make analytical tools accessible and usable for the broad community of potential users to support spatio-temporal thinking and contribute to solving a large range of problems.

/pdf/space-time-and-visual-analytics-4e1ge8zd15.pdf

Space, time and visual analytics

Developing reliable methods for representing and managing information uncertainty remains a persistent and relevant challenge to GIScience. Information uncertainty is an intricate idea, and recent examinations of this concept have generated many perspectives on its representation and visualization, with perspectives emerging from a wide range of disciplines and application contexts. In this paper, we review and assess progress toward visual tools and methods to help analysts manage and understand information uncertainty. Specifically, we report on efforts to conceptualize uncertainty, decision making with uncertainty, frameworks for representing uncertainty, visual representation and user control of displays of information uncertainty, and evaluative efforts to assess the use and usability of visual displays of uncertainty. We conclude by identifying seven key research challenges in visualizing information uncertainty, particularly as it applies to decision making and analysis.

/pdf/visualizing-geospatial-information-uncertainty-what-we-know-2p6o3omyap.pdf

Visualizing Geospatial Information Uncertainty: What We Know and What We Need to Know

The rating of presidents is certainly not one of the more crucial problems confronting American historians. Yet in recent years it is a matter that has received considerable attention. Whatever the historical profession as a whole may think of the exercise, the lay public, particularly the press, is intrigued by how the "experts" view the presidents, and it broadcasts widely any new listing. Rating the holders of this uniquely American office apparently helps remind us of which human qualitites we most admire, since we expect to find in presidents the best in our society. Perhaps, too, the American penchant for always wanting to know who is number one supports such interest. If number one can be determined in athletics, in rental car agencies, and in fast-food chains, why not in the presidency? Recent professional interest in rating the presidents dates from the Arthur M. Schlesinger, Sr., poll of 1948.1 Acting largely on a whim and allowing each respondent wide latitude to choose his own criteria for judging presidential greatness, Schlesinger solicited the opinions of fifty-five "experts," the majority of whom were professional historians. The findings were subsequently published in Life and were immediately embraced by the press as representing the collective judgment of historians everywhere.2 Fourteen years later, Schlesinger repeated the exercise, this time surveying seventy-five experts. Fifty-eight were historians (including most of those polled in 1948), with the remainder mainly being journalists and political scientists. Published in the New York Times Magazine, the findings of this poll generally reinforced those of the earlier one and even more firmly established the Schlesinger

/pdf/the-presidential-performance-study-a-progress-report-38thmlgb97.pdf

The Presidential Performance Study: A Progress Report

Greatness in the White House : rating the presidents

Greatness in the White House: Rating the Presidents, Washington through Carter. Final Report, The Presidential Performance Study. The Pennsylvania State University Studies.

Public Opinion, Labor, and The Clayton Act

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