Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle.

Economic losses from heat stress by us livestock industries

This paper presents a new empirical model for single layer drying process, which was verified with selected experimental data. The present model is also compared with other single layer drying models available in the literature, using laboratory as well as field data from literature.

A new model for single-layer drying

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures provides requirements for general structural design and includes means for determining dead, live, soil, flood, wind, snow, rain, atmospheric ice, and earthquake loads, as well as their combinations, which are suitable for inclusion in building codes and other documents. This Standard, a revision of ASCE/SEI 7-05, offers a complete update and reorganization of the wind load provisions, expanding them from one chapter into six. The Standard contains new ultimate event wind maps with corresponding reductions in load factors, so that the loads are not affected, and updates the seismic loads with new risk-targeted seismic maps. The snow, live, and atmospheric icing provisions are updated as well. In addition, the Standard includes a detailed Commentary with explanatory and supplementary information designed to assist building code committees and regulatory authorities. Standard ASCE/SEI 7 is an integral part of building codes in the United States. Many of the load provisions are substantially adopted by reference in the International Building Code and the NFPA 5000 Building Construction and Safety Code. Structural engineers, architects, and those engaged in preparing and administering local building codes will find this Standard an essential reference in their practice. Note: New orders are fulfilled from the second printing, which incorporates the errata to the first printing.

Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures

http://www.rmorais.utad.pt/RMPDFFiles/PDFPapers/WANG06.pdf

Review: Wireless sensors in agriculture and food industry-Recent development and future perspective

Avertical airflow dryer and a continuous weighing system were used to determine the drying constant of steamed and unsteamed rough rice as a function of temperature, velocity and relative humidity of the drying air. The drying constant is an important parameter in thin layer drying theory which is needed to the drying process. Drying tests were conducted with unsteamed and steamed rough rice in order to evaluate the drying constants. Different effects of drying air conditions on the drying constant were observed for the steamed and unsteamed rough rice samples

Effects of Drying Air Parameters on Rice Drying Models

Core body temperature is an important physiological measure of animal thermoregulatory responses to environmental stimuli. A new telemetric body temperature measurement system was evaluated by three independent laboratories for its research application in poultry, swine, beef, and dairy cattle. In the case of poultry and swine, the system employs surgeryfree temperature sensors that are orally administered to allow short-term monitoring. Computational algorithms were developed and used to filter out spurious data. The results indicate that successful employment of the body-temperature measurement method - telemetric or other measurement systems such as rectal or tympanic method, will depend on the specific application. However, due to the cost of the system, the surgeries involved (in some applications), and the need for filtering of data, careful consideration needs to be given to ensure that telemetry is the ideal method for the experiment protocol.

https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1142&context=abe_eng_pubs

A new telemetry system for measuring core body temperature in livestock and poultry

Hot, humid weather causes heat stress in dairy cows leading to declines in feed intake, milk production, and fertility. These declines can be reduced or eliminated by using a heat stress relief program consisting of a combination of shades, feed and water offered under shade, ventilation, and sprinkler and fan cooling. Results from experimental studies in Florida and Kentucky indicate that sprinkling and fan cooling systems in combination with shades can improve cow comfort and increase milk production of cows in hot, humid climates.

Methods to Relieve Heat Stress for Dairy Cows in Hot, Humid Climates

On-farm drying and storage systems

Comparisons were made of the performance of cooled and uncooled cows housed under an open-side freestall barn located in a hot, humid environment. The effects of cooling in a nearby holding area were also studied. Average daily milk production for the cows cooled in the freestall barn was 20.2 kg (44.4 lb) versus 18.1 kg (39.8 lb) for uncooled cows (P < 0.01). Feed consumption increased from 17.8 (39.2) to 19.1 kg/day (42.0 lb/day) when cows were cooled in the freestall (P < 0.01) and from 18.3 (40.3) to 18.6 kg/day (40.9 lb/day) when cows were cooled in the holding area (P < 0.05). Milk protein content was increased from 3.39 to 3.51% by cooling in the freestall barn (P < 0.01). An economic analysis indicated that sprinkler and fan cooling systems offer advantages in hot, humid climates.

Sprinkler and Fan Cooling System for Dairy Cows in Hot, Humid Climates

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