The effect of formic acid and 2 plant extracts on performance traits, apparent ileal digestibility (AID), intestine mucosa morphology, and meat yield of broilers was studied in a 49-d experiment. There were 6 treatments: a negative control diet without additives (control); 10 ppm of avilamycin; 5,000 of formic acid; 10,000 ppm of formic acid; 200 ppm of plant extract based on a blend of oregano, cinnamon, and pepper essential oil; and 5,000 ppm of hydroalcoholic plant extract from sage, thyme, and rosemary leaves. A total of 312 Ross chicks were distributed into 24 groups of 13 in each, comprising 4 replicates per treatment. The performance data revealed significantly better FCR in all the supplemented diets except for the 5,000 ppm of hydroalcoholic plant extract diet. All additives improved AID of nutrients. Both acidifier inclusion levels improved villus height, and the group fed the 10,000 ppm of formic acid diet also had the greatest crypt depth; however, villus surface area was not influenced. Meat yield was not affected. It was concluded that the diets with 5,000 and 10,000 ppm of formic acid, and with 200 ppm of plant extract based on a blend of oregano, cinnamon, and pepper essential oils were similar to avilamycin and were beneficial for improving growth traits and nutrient AID. Furthermore, a positive effect of formic acid on intestine mucosa was observed. This experiment involved a small sample, so the additives that showed beneficial effects should be further studied in commercial farms.

Effect of Formic Acid and Plant Extracts on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility, Intestine Mucosa Morphology, and Meat Yield of Broilers

Based on literature data it can be concluded essential oils originating from plants have anti- microbial activity and have toxic effects in poultry only when administered at very high doses. Antioxidant activity and hypocholesterolemic effects have been reported in chickens. In various studies, but not all, a growth enhancing effect of essential oils has been found. The characteristic flavor of essential oils might play role in poultry performance, but this needs to be confirmed. Essential oils may stimulate the digestion process. It appears that individual compounds of an essential oil have a wide range of activities and may act in an additive, synergistic and antagonistic fashion. The effect of essential oils in poultry may not only be confined to the microflora, but may extend to animal metabolism. Knowing the activity and effects of individual compounds is useful to formulate mixtures of compounds so as to enhance efficacy. In conclusion, dietary essential oils may be used as alternatives to antibiotics, but whether their effects on growth performance are a consequence of anti-microbial activity needs to be studied further.

/pdf/essential-oils-in-broiler-nutrition-5awoxqmde1.pdf

Essential oils in broiler nutrition

Anthelmintic activity of medicinal plants with particular reference to their use in animals in the Indo-Pakistan subcontinent.

https://www.cidjournal.com/article/S0738-081X(09)00251-X/pdf

Other fungi causing onychomycosis

Background Onychomycosis, a common nail disorder, is caused by yeasts, dermatophytes, and nondermatophyte molds. These fungi give rise to diverse clinical presentations. The present study aimed to isolate the causative pathogens and to determine the various clinical patterns of onychomycosis in the population in Lahore, Pakistan.



Patients In 100 clinically suspected cases, the diagnosis was confirmed by mycologic culture. Different clinical patterns were noted and correlated with causative pathogens.



Results Seventy-two women (mean age, 32.6 ± 14.8 years) and 28 men (mean age, 40.6 ± 15.8 years) were studied. Fingernails were involved in 50%, toenails in 23%, and both fingernails and toenails in 27% of patients. The various clinical types noted were distolateral subungual onychomycosis (47%), candidal onychomycosis (36%), total dystrophic onychomycosis (12%), superficial white onychomycosis (3%), and proximal subungual onychomycosis (2%). Candida was the most common pathogen (46%), followed by dermatophytes (43%) (Trichophyton rubrum (31%), T. violaceum (5%), T. mentagrophytes (4%), T. tonsurans (2%), and Epidermophyton floccosum (1%) and nondermatophyte molds (11%) (Fusarium (4%), Scopulariopsis brevicaulis (2%), Aspergillus (2%), Acremonium (1%), Scytalidium dimidiatum (1%), and Alternaria (1%).



Conclusions Onychomycosis is more common in women of 20–40 years of age. Distolateral subungual onychomycosis and candidal onychomycosis are the most common clinical presentations, and Candida and T. rubrum are the major pathogens in Pakistan.

Onychomycosis in Lahore, Pakistan.

Background. Onychomycosis is a major cause of nail dystrophy. The causative organisms in onychomycosis are dermatophytes, Candida and molds. A variety of molds have been isolated from nails.



Methods: Nail scrapings and clippings were collected from 100 cases and inoculated on slants containing SDA with cycloheximide 0.5 mg/mL, chloramphenicol 0.05 mg/mL, and SDA with chloramphenicol 0.05 mg/mL.



Results: The culture positivity rate for molds was 22%. The predominant mold isolates were Aspergillus species (86.4%, Fusarium oxysporum (4.5%), Curvularia species (4.5%) and Penicillium species (4.5%).



Conclusion: Primary invasion of nails by molds can cause onychomycosis.

Molds in onychomycosis.

This prospective study was carried out on 200 patients with clinically, ultrasonographically and serologically confirmed amoebic liver abscess. The role of ultrasound-guided needle aspiration in addition to medications was evaluated compared to drug treatment alone. Both the groups were monitored clinically and sonographically for up to 6 months after diagnosis. The initial response (after 15 days) was better in the aspirated group (P 6 cm) abscesses and there were no complications. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided needle aspiration is a safe diagnostic and therapeutic approach which enhances clinical recovery, accelerates resolution, especially in large abscesses, and prevents complications.

https://pmj.bmj.com/content/postgradmedj/69/811/381.full.pdf

Ultrasound-guided needle aspiration of amoebic liver abscess.

This prospective study was carried out on 200 patients with clinically, ultrasonographically and serologically confirmed amoebic liver abscess (ALA). All patients were evaluated clinically and by ultrasound on admission and day 15 and subsequently after 3 and 6 months. The majority were young or middle aged males (93%) belonging to the lower socio-economic group. Sixty four percent gave history of alcohol consumption of locally fermented brands. The common clinical manifestations were right upper quadrant pain (92%). None of the liver function tests were diagnostic though alkaline phosphatase was elevated in 69.5% of patients. Ultrasonography was useful in diagnosis and guiding needle aspiration. The size of the abscess varied from 2cm to 15cm in diameter. Seventy one (35.5%) patients underwent ultrasound guided needle aspiration, 10 required surgical drainage and the rest antiamebic drugs alone. Initial response was better in aspirated group (p <0.05) but resolution of abscess (by ultrasound) after 6 months was similar. There were no complication of the procedure and no deaths. Needle aspiration combined with chemotherapy represents a successful therapeutic approach in the management of ALA. Despite successful therapy, 61 of our 200 patients had residual abscess cavity on ultrasound examination even after 6 months demonstrating that complete resolution of ALA is slow. Bahrain Med Bull 1995;17(4):

/pdf/amoebic-liver-abscess-a-prospective-study-of-200-cases-in-a-59c8qhcwti.pdf

Amoebic liver abscess. a prospective study of 200 cases in a rural referral hospital in south india

Onychomycosis caused by mould infection is rare. A 40 year old male patient presented with dystrophic finger nails and multiple, erythematous lesions with slightly raised borders and scaling all over the body. The patient was a known diabetic. He did not respond to griseofulvin. Samples from nails and skin scales were cultured. From the nails, Penicillium species and from the skin scales. Trichophyton rubrum were isolated. Ketoconazole therapy (200 mg twice daily x 4 mths) led to complete cure with negative cultures and normalization of nails.

Penicillium species causing onychomycosis.

Citrobacter as a frequent urinary pathogen in hospitalised patients.

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