Constitutive overexpression of the cytochrome P450 gene CYP6A1 in a house fly strain with metabolic resistance to insecticides

The genetic basis of insecticide resistance in the house fly: Evidence that a single locus plays a major role in metabolic resistance to insecticides

Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the recent development of housefly resistance on Danish farms. The trials of fly control and investigations of resistance on farms during 1973–1975 were concentrated on pyrethroid aerosols or space sprays with the purpose of investigating the possibility of fly control by frequent treatments, the potential of developing resistance to pyrethroid formulations, and the persistence of dimethoate and other Organophosphorus compounds (OP) resistance when OP pressure was relaxed. In 1973, fly-infested stables on 23 trial farms were treated frequently (twice a week) during the whole fly season with pyrethroid space sprays. In 1973 and1975, dimethoate-resistance was monitored on most of the trial farms. The present multi-resistance in Danish houseflies is the result of the sequential selection pressures by many compounds which have accumulated and combined several resistance factors.

Resistance in the Housefly in Denmark and Elsewhere

A total of 21 newly found mutants of the housefly, Musca domestia L., were described, and revised linkage maps based on the linkage data obtained from this study and supplemented with data by other investigators were prepared and presented. Sixteen marker loci for the first linkage group, 14 loci for the second linkage group, 17 loci for the third linkage group, 7 loci for the fourth linkage group and 6 loci for the fifth linkage group were plotted on the maps.

Some new mutants and revised linkage maps of the housefly, musca domestica l

The factors of resistance to many insecticides were located and isolated in a homozygous condition from the diazinon-selected SKA strain of house-flies (Musca domestica L.) by inbreeding each of the five autosomes of the SKA strain into a susceptible multi-marker strain ac;ar;bwb;ocra SRS. The insecticides were: DDT, methoxychlor, tri-butyl tin, the methoxy and ethoxy analogues of parathion, chlorthion and malathion and their corresponding phosphates, diazinon and diazoxon.The SKA flies' autosomes had the following factors of resistance:—autosome I—very slight resistance to ethyl-chlorthion; autosome II—gene a for low ali-esterase activity which conferred weak to moderate resistance against all organophosphates tested, and Deh (DDT-dehydrochlorinase) which gave great resistance to DDT, but none against methoxychlor; autosome III—Pen, which delayed knock-down by slowing down the entry of insecticides into the flies and had a negligible effect at death except against tri-butyl tin and methoxychlor, and a factor of resistance to Zectran unaffected by sesamex; autosome IV—Dld, the major factor of resistance to dieldrin; and autosome V—Ses, a sesamex-suppressed factor, which gave weak to moderate resistance against ethyl-malaoxon, diazoxon, diazinon, DDT and methoxychlor, but was ineffective against the other organophosphates tested.TBTP (S,S,S tri-butyl phosphorotrithioate), an ali-esterase inhibitor, greatly synergised organophosphates only against insects with gene a. Pretreatment with sesamex, an inhibitor of microsomal activity, elicited two types of response: antagonism with most of the thioates, most pronounced in flies with gene a, and synergism with the phosphates, especially evident with flies with factor Ses. The possible reasons for differences in the response to organophosphates after pretreatment with TBTP or sesamex, and the nature of the resistance factors are discussed. High resistance in SKA flies against organophosphates arises through the interaction of resistance factors which singly give only weak to moderate resistance.

Examination of the isolated autosomes of the SKA strain of house-flies (Musca domestica L.) for resistance to several insecticides with and without pretreatment with sesamex and TBTP.

Genetic analyses of DDT-resistance in two strains of the housefly, Musca domestica L.

Genetic diversity of Japanese isolates of pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus

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Genetic analyses of DDT-resistance in two strains of the housefly, Musca domestica L.

Genetic diversity of Japanese isolates of pear chlorotic leaf spot-associated virus