Correlation techniques are in the process of passing from the research laboratory to the field. This paper seeks to aid the transition. The three main sections of the paper have these objects: The treatment is graphical and illustrative, rather than rigorous. The paper is addressed to the practising exploration geoscientist and to the newcomer to correlation techniques. A list of about 150 references is given.

Correlation techniques – a review

Staff members of the Cornell University Center for Radiophysics and Space Research have designed an ionospheric radar probe to be located near Arecibo, Puerto Rico. The radar will have the following general specifications: 1) Antenna reflector, 1000-foot-diameter spherical bowl, illuminated by a 430-Mc dual-polarized feed. 2) Transmitter of 2.5 Mw peak, 150 kw average power, or 100 kw CW power. 3) Dual-channel receiver, capable of measuring total power, polarization and received spectrum. The radar will initially be used to measure the variation of electron density with height, the fluctuations of electron density at fixed heights and electron temperatures and magnetic field strengths at various heights. Ionospheric drifts may also be measured. The radar will also he able to obtain echoes from planets, information of the moon's surface and possibly echoes from the sun. Hydromagnetic shocks may also be detected and a study of cislunar ionization can be made. The passive system with the large antenna may be used as an instrument in radio astronomy to observe radio emission from planets and from true stars, and to make a survey of radio sources. With additional facilities, many radio astronomy measurements can be made taking advantage of the large antenna aperture and resulting high resolving power.

The design and capabilities of an ionospheric radar probe

http://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/131/3397/329.full.pdf

Radar Echoes from the Sun.

DURING the recent close approach of Venus the Jodrell Bank radio telescope has been used to obtain radar echoes from the planet. The radar equipment, which operated at a frequency of 408 Mc./s., had a peak-power of 60 kW. and gave 30-m.sec. pulses at one pulse per second. The transmitter and receiver were operated alternately for periods of approximately five minutes, the light-time to Venus and back. To eliminate fading caused by Faraday rotation of the line of polarization of the signals in the Earth's ionosphere, an aerial system transmitting right circular polarization and receiving left circular was used. This was achieved by means of a feed aerial consisting of crossed coplanar dipoles and reflectors fed in quadrature from a hybrid ring, which also provided 40 db. of isolation between the receiver and transmitter. An electron-beam parametric amplifier (Adler tube) with a noise figure of 2 db. formed the input to the receiver.

A New Determination of the Solar Parallax by Means of Radar Echoes from Venus

The first solid-state masers to operate at room-temperature and ambient air-pressure were recently demonstrated using optically pumped spin-triplet states as the gain medium. In this Perspective, we briefly review the previous state-of-the-art in cryogenic solid-state masers and then discuss the development of the room-temperature solid-state maser: from the organic pentacene pulsed maser to the diamond nitrogen-vacancy continuous-wave maser. We characterize the operation of these masers as coherent microwave sources and ultra-low noise amplifiers before outlining how they can be adapted to act as model systems in which to explore room-temperature cavity quantum electrodynamics. After discussing challenges facing current embodiments of the room-temperature solid-state maser, we explore how they might be addressed or by-passed altogether through the development of alternative materials and masing mechanisms. Finally, we speculate on how the advent of masers that can operate in ambient conditions might lead to novel applications in metrology and quantum technologies.

Perspective on room-temperature solid-state masers

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/129/3351/751.full.pdf

Radar Echoes from Venus Advances in several arts made possible this experiment in radio astronomy performed during the IGY

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Radar Echoes from Venus Advances in several arts made possible this experiment in radio astronomy performed during the IGY