Aim of study: Designing adequate silvicultural systems for natural regeneration of a forest species requires sound knowledge of the underlying ecological subprocesses: flowering and fruiting, seed dispersal and predation, seed germination, seedling emergence and seedling survival. The main objective of the present work is to carry out a review on the current knowledge about the different subprocesses governing the regeneration process for the main Iberian Pinus species, in order to propose scientifically based management schedules. Area of study: The review focuses on the five main native Pinus species within their most representative areas in the Iberian Peninsula: Pinus nigra in Cuenca mountains, Pinus sylvestris in Sierra de Guadarrama, Pinus pinaster and Pinus pinea in the Northern Plateau and Pinus halepensis in Catalonia Material and methods: Firstly, currently available information on spatiotemporal dynamics and influential factors is introduced for each subprocess and species. Secondly, current regeneration strategies are characterized and the main bottlenecks are identified. Finally, alternative silvicultural practices proposed on the light of the previous information are presented. Main results: Different climate-mediated bottlenecks have been identified to limit natural regeneration of the Iberian pine species, with seed predation and initial seedling survival among the most influential. New approaches focusing on more gradual regeneration fellings, extended rotation periods, prevent big gaps and program fellings on mast years are presented. Research highlights : Natural regeneration of the studied species exhibit an intermittent temporal pattern, which should be aggravated under drier scenarios. More flexible management schedules should fulfil these limitations.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/6240155.pdf

Natural regeneration in Iberian pines: A review of dynamic processes and proposals for management

Stem straightness is an important selection trait in Pinus pinaster Ait. breeding programs. Despite the stability of stem straightness rankings in provenance trials, the efficiency of breeding programs based on a quantitative index of stem straightness remains low. An alternative approach is to analyze biomechanical processes that underlie stem form. The rationale for this selection method is that genetic differences in the biomechanical processes that maintain stem straightness in young plants will continue to control stem form throughout the life of the tree. We analyzed the components contributing most to genetic differences among provenances in stem straightening processes by kinetic analysis and with a biomechanical model defining the interactions between the variables involved (Fournier's model). This framework was tested on three P. pinaster provenances differing in adult stem straightness and growth. One-year-old plants were tilted at 45 degrees, and individual stem positions and sizes were recorded weekly for 5 months. We measured the radial extension of reaction wood and the anatomical features of wood cells in serial stem cross sections. The integral effect of reaction wood on stem leaning was computed with Fournier's model. Responses driven by both primary and secondary growth were involved in the stem straightening process, but secondary-growth-driven responses accounted for most differences among provenances. Plants from the straight-stemmed provenance showed a greater capacity for stem straightening than plants from the sinuous provenances mainly because of (1) more efficient reaction wood (higher maturation strains) and (2) more pronounced secondary-growth-driven autotropic decurving. These two process-based traits are thus good candidates for early selection of stem straightness, but additional tests on a greater number of genotypes over a longer period are required.

Biomechanical differences in the stem straightening process among Pinus pinaster provenances. A new approach for early selection of stem straightness.

Le rapport entre la rectitude du tronc et les caracteristiques du site, des arbres individuels et des peuplements a ete etudie dans des peuplements de Pinus pinaster Ait. On a mesure 32 parcelles dans des peuplements matures couvrant des sites de differentes densites et qualites. On a etabli tout a fait au hasard, dans un jeune peuplement, un modele comprenant 9 parcelles dans le but de comparer trois densites de regeneration. Pendant cette etude, des chutes de neige ont plie un nombre eleve d'arbres dans les jeunes parcelles. L'utilisation de la regression logistique polynomiale n'a pas permis d'etablir de rapport dans les peuplements matures entre la rectitude du tronc et les caracteristiques etudiees. Dans les peuplements jeunes, la rectitude du tronc a ete influencee par le rapport hauteur/diametre ainsi que par la hauteur totale et la densite du peuplement apres les chutes de neige. Les parcelles a densite elevee ont ete davantage touchees par la neige et montraient des troncs moins droits.

/pdf/influence-of-individual-tree-and-stand-attributes-in-stem-3mmkqftxb8.pdf

Influence of individual tree and stand attributes in stem straightness in Pinus pinaster Ait. stands

The magnitude and practical importance of family × site interactions for growth and form traits considered in radiata pine (Pinus radiata D.Don) breeding were analysed by four different methods: type B genetic correlation, regression coefficient, mean rank deviation and ecovalence. The material analysed consisted in growth, form and frost resistance assessments of 58 open pollinated half-sib families at 3 to 4 years old across three sites in Galicia (NW Spain). Analysis of variance revealed that family × site interactions were quantitatively important for all traits (diameter, volume, branch angle, straightness and frost resistance). The losses in potential genetic gain for a breeding population were important for all traits under individual selection but only for diameter and frost resistance under family selection. Omission of the ten most interactive families from the analysis considerably reduced the losses for all traits, although losses in potential genetic gain remained important for frost resistance under family selection. The results indicate that elimination of these families from breeding programmes would be an effective strategy for selecting for stability in performance across sites for all traits except frost resistance. In order to overcome this problem, selecting varieties for frost resistance specifically adapted to various regional contexts would be an option. However further studies under controlled conditions are required before making final decisions for radiata pine breeding programmes.

Implication of genotype × site interaction on Pinus radiata breeding in Galicia

Combining partial cutting and direct seeding to overcome regeneration failures in dune forests

En este trabajo se evalua la rectitud del fuste en seis procedencias espanolas de Pinus pinaster Ait. mediante tres metodos: puntuacion subjetiva dada por tres observadores distintos, tipo de curvatura presentada y metodo de la “curva equivalente” (a partir de las dimensiones de las curvaturas). La evaluacion se realizo en dos parcelas de ensayo de procedencias, de 22 y 35 anos de edad respectivamente, y para ello se considero la altura del tronco dividida en tres partes. La parte basal del tronco ha resultado ser la que mayores y mas frecuentes curvaturas presenta. Los tres metodos presentan alta correlacion entre ellos a la hora de clasificar las procedencias, si bien difieren en la rapidez de la medicion y en la informacion que puede obtenerse a partir de ellos. Las procedencias estudiadas muestran grandes diferencias en cuanto al caracter rectitud.

EVALUACION DE LA RECTITUD DEL FUSTE EN SEIS PROCEDENCIAS DE Pinus pinasterAit.

Efecto del estrés hídrico y la oscilación de las temperaturas sobre la germinación de semillas de diversas procedencias de Pinus pinaster Ait.

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EVALUACION DE LA RECTITUD DEL FUSTE EN SEIS PROCEDENCIAS DE Pinus pinasterAit.

Efecto del estrés hídrico y la oscilación de las temperaturas sobre la germinación de semillas de diversas procedencias de Pinus pinaster Ait.