The existence of heavy metals in the natural waters poses serious threats to human health and the environment. Therefore, development of detection methods for monitoring of these heavy metals is crucial. The nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors have been extensively employed for heavy metal ions detection. The fabricated electrodes offer several advantages and improved performance due to the design of electrode surface at the nanoscale that render increased catalytic activity and conductivity, active large surface area and fast electrode kinetics. Moreover, integration of electrochemical devices in automatic fluidic structures has also been used for a wide range of heavy metals monitoring. This review will provide a detailed account of recent progress in the development of nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for the detection of heavy metals in real water samples from 2013 onwards. The design of these sensors is based on the deployment of nanoparticles-modified electrodes, microelectrode and nanoelectrode arrays, and microfluidic electrochemical devices.

Nanomaterials-based electrochemical detection of heavy metals in water: Current status, challenges and future direction

In 2020, the new European Drinking Water Directive will be updated to include new drinking-water safety parameters. These will introduce reduced thresholds for the presence of heavy metals, pesticides and other contaminants in domestic drinking water. The aim of these reduced thresholds is to impose a higher level of consumer protection as well as provide guidance for effective monitoring, planning and water management. An example of a newly proposed threshold is the concentration of lead ions (Pb2+) within drinking water, which has been reduced from 10 to 5 parts per billion (ppb). The strict timeframe for water suppliers to meet the new thresholds has created an impetus to develop in situ detection techniques to quantify the levels of chemical contamination on-site in drinking water, allowing them to make prompt interventions. This review explores and discusses the current advances related to electrochemical methods, electrode materials and modifications that have the potential to be the foundations of a new generation of portable electrochemical sensors towards trace-level ion in situ heavy metal sensors.

/pdf/recent-advances-in-portable-heavy-metal-electrochemical-2j3ukwgjec.pdf

Recent advances in portable heavy metal electrochemical sensing platforms

Identification of heavy metal ions from aqueous environment through gold, Silver and Copper Nanoparticles: An excellent colorimetric approach

Molecularly imprinted polymer-carbon paste electrode (MIP-CPE)-based sensors for the sensitive detection of organic and inorganic environmental pollutants: A review

Metal speciation analysis has wide applicability and reveals how and when metals are available to engage in chemical processes. Real systems can be physically hard to reach, chemically dynamic, and sample collection and pretreatment fundamentally alter speciation. Therefore, there is great interest in in situ trace metal speciation sensors that can be integrated into on-site, portable analysis devices. Electrochemistry is an attractive method since the sensing component can be fashioned into a submersible probe. In this review, we define a set of criteria that an electrochemical approach must conform to for in situ metal analysis and review methods that closely follow these criteria. As an emerging technique, fast-scan cyclic voltammetry is introduced. Next, design and material of analysis probes is detailed, followed by a discussion of portable instrumentation. Finally, studies that show promise towards a portable, in situ metal analysis device are showcased and ongoing analytical challenges are outlined.

Novel frontiers in voltammetric trace metal analysis: Towards real time, on-site, in situ measurements

In this paper, a self-manufactured lead(II)-selective electrode, which was based on the use of lead(II) ion imprinted polymer particles (IIPs) to detect lead ions, was studied using differential pulse voltammetry. The synthesis and preparation of the IIPs was by precipitation polymerization with methacrylic acid (function monomer and lead-binding ligand), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (the cross-linker) 2,2-azobisisobutyronitrile (the initiator) and lead ions (the template ion) in an acetonitrile solution. The IIPs were prepared to establish the electrochemical sensor by leaching out the lead(II) from the imprinted polymer particles, and a carbon paste electrode was modified with lead(II) IIPs. There is a distinct difference in the response between the electrodes modified with IIPs and the electrodes modified with NIPs, which included the open circuit sorption of Pb2+ on the electrode and its reduction to its metallic form. The influence factors on the response behavior of the electrodes were investigated and optimized. The results show the introduced sensor was linear from 1.0 × 10−9 to 7.5 × 10−7 mol L−1, and the limit of detection (LOD) was 1.3 × 10−11 mol L−1 (S/N = 3). Finally, the sensor was successfully applied to the trace determination of lead ions in various real samples.

/pdf/electrochemical-sensor-based-on-lead-ion-imprinted-polymer-3mv59lrixn.pdf

Electrochemical sensor based on lead ion-imprinted polymer particles for ultra-trace determination of lead ions in different real samples

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Electrochemical sensor based on lead ion-imprinted polymer particles for ultra-trace determination of lead ions in different real samples