Waterborne polyurethanes (WPUs) have recently attracted enormous attentions in extensive industrial applications because of their sustainability and low toxicity. However, due to the use of water as the dispersion medium and abundant hydrophilic moieties of the molecular skeleton, waterborne polyurethanes always suffer from poor mechanical properties and inferior water resistance. In this work, dehydrated sorbitan monooleate (SP), a bio-derived renewable polyol, is introduced into the waterborne polyurethane skeleton to modulate the contents of the traditional trifunctional polyol of trimethylolpropane (TMP). Due to the rigid furan ring and the fatty side chain in the SP, the SP-modulated waterborne polyurethanes (WPU-SP) exhibit simultaneous excellent mechanical properties, high toughness, flexibility, and versatility, with the maximum tensile strength of WPU-SP reaching 39.19 MPa, and the film is capable of lifting weights over 25,000 times its own weight without fracture. Additionally, compared to the traditional waterborne polyurethane extended with TMP, the wear resistance and the water resistance of WPU-SP are significantly improved, as the decreases in wear rate and water absorption rate of WPU-SP are up to 59 % and 45 %, respectively. Benefiting from these unique properties, the WPU-SP shows excellent performance in anticorrosion and exceptional applicability for soft leather materials, in which the corrosion prevention efficiency can reach over 95 % and the wear index can be reduced to within 10 mg as a protective coating. This study represents a facile and effective approach for developing high-performance sustainable waterborne polyurethane materials through the incorporation of SP into polymer networks. 

A bio-based waterborne polyurethane with high toughness, superior wear resistance, and water resistance enabled by sorbitol monooleate

Ambient temperature self-healing waterborne polyurethane based on dynamic ditelluride bonds with recyclable and antibacterial functions

Recently, one of the challenges faced by autonomous self-healing materials is how to improve strength and toughness while maintaining rapid self-healing properties at ambient temperature. Herein, by integrating multi-scale dynamic physical networks that are hydrogen bonds, metal-coordination bonds, and dynamic crystalline domains in bio-based long-chain polyamides, a series of multi-scale elastomers (MSE) were obtained. The multi-scale dynamic physical networks endow elastomers with low initial modulus, outstanding nonlinear “J-shaped” stress-strain mechanoresponsive behavior, high tear-resistance, and good puncture properties. More importantly, the representative elastomers MSE18 exhibit outstanding toughness (strength of 66.3 ± 1.84 MPa, elongation at break of 660 ± 17.28%, and toughness of 155 ± 4.32 MJ/m3) and rapid autonomic self-healing properties (totally healed in 3 h at room temperature). The design concept indicates a promising direction for elastomers with ultra-tough mechanical properties and rapid room temperature self-healing behavior without external stimuli. 

Multi-scale dynamic physical networks towards ultra-tough, mechanoresponsive, and rapid autonomic self-healable elastomers

Minimizing enthalpy of evaporation in solar steam generation: An emerging strategy beyond theoretical evaporation limitation

The preparation of functional polyurethane materials with high strength, toughness, and excellent self-healing ability is currently challenging. In this study, a multifunctional bi-dynamic supramolecular crosslinked network PU elastomer was successfully prepared by introducing ionic bonds and aromatic disulfide bonds into a PU matrix. The resulting ionic PU elastomers exhibited impressive mechanical properties, including high tensile strength (39.9 ± 4.4 MPa) and excellent elongation at break (1930 ± 345 %). They also demonstrated efficient self-healing capability (94.4 %), recyclability and processability. The distribution of hydrophilic ion bonds within the polymer networks enabled the elastomers to possess water-induced shape memory and antibacterial activity. Additionally, the hydrophilicity of the elastomers provided a self-cleaning ability when used as a coating material. The covalent bonding of the cations with the PU matrix prevented the leaching of bactericidal substances, ensuring good biocompatibility of the ionic PU. Furthermore, a double-layered self-healing composite flexible sensor was developed using the ionic PU as the substrate and carboxylated carbon nanotubes (CNTs-COOH) as the conductive medium to detect human motion. These multifunctional ionic PU elastomers offer great potential for the design and preparation of robust materials with self-healing ability for various applications across multiple fields. 

Synergistic enhancement of the robustness of multifunctional polyurethane via an ionic noncovalent cross-linking network and aromatic disulfides

A wear-resistant, self-healing and recyclable multifunctional waterborne polyurethane coating with mechanical tunability based on hydrogen bonding and aromatic disulfide structure

Zero liquid discharge (ZLD) is a technique for treating high-salinity brine to obtain freshwater and/or salt using a solar interface evaporator. However, salt accumulation on the surface of the evaporator is a big challenge to maintaining stable water evaporation. In this study, a simple and easy-to-manufacture evaporator, also called a crystallizer, was designed and fabricated by 3D printing. The photothermal layer printed with polylactic acid/carbon composites had acceptable light absorption (93%) within the wavelength zone of 250 nm–2500 nm. The micron-sized voids formed during 3D printing provided abundant water transportation channels inside the crystallizer. After surface hydrophilic modification, the crystallizer had an ultra-hydrophilic channel structure and gravity-assisted salt recovery function. The results revealed that the angles between the photothermal layers affected the efficacy of solar evaporation and the yield of solid salt. The crystallizer with the angle of 90° between two photothermal layers could collect more solid salt than the three other designs with angles of 30°, 60°, and 120°, respectively. The crystallizer has high evaporation and salt crystallization efficiency in a high-salinity brine environment, which is expected to have application potentials in the zero liquid discharge of wastewater and valuable salt recovery.

/pdf/3d-printing-of-solar-crystallizer-with-polylactic-acid-30f2hv7b.pdf

3D Printing of Solar Crystallizer with Polylactic Acid/Carbon Composites for Zero Liquid Discharge of High-Salinity Brine

Mechanically robust waterborne polyurethane with excellent room temperature self-healing and shape memory performance

Low-cost, compostable, high-efficiency photothermal conversion materials with shaping freedom into complex geometrical structures have received considerable attention by the photothermal conversion technologies. In this study, a kind of bio-based filament with photothermal conversion function for fused filament fabrication (FFF) technology was prepared by adding hazelnut shell carbon (HSCs) in polylactic acid (PLA) matrix. The HSCs were obtained at 300, 500, 700, and 900 °C. The results revealed that the morphology, particle size, pore structure, surface functional groups, and degree of graphitization of HSCs varied with the pyrolysis temperature. Additionally, the three-dimensional (3D) printability of PLA-HSC composite filaments as well as the photothermal performance of the printed structures were affected by the pyrolysis temperature of HSCs. All PLA-HSC filaments were suitable for 3D printing besides HSC pyrolyzed at 300 °C. Furthermore, the fluidity of the composites increased with the pyrolysis temperature of HSCs. The rheology results demonstrated that the complex viscosity, storage modulus, and loss modulus decreased with the increase of pyrolysis temperature. However, the mechanical properties and the thermal stability of the PLA-HSC filaments showed opposite trend. At the wavelength range of 250–2500 nm, with HSCs pyrolyzed at 700 and 900 °C, the 3D printed PLA-HSC parts demonstrated excellent photothermal performance with a light absorption intensity of around 93 %. Overall, HSCs pyrolyzed at 700 °C is the most cost-effective candidates for the preparation of PLA-based filament for photothermal conversion components. In this work, a brine evaporation crystallizer was 3D printed to demonstrate the application of this filament. 

Hazelnut shell carbon filled polylactic acid composite filaments for 3D printing photothermal structures

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A wear-resistant, self-healing and recyclable multifunctional waterborne polyurethane coating with mechanical tunability based on hydrogen bonding and aromatic disulfide structure

3D Printing of Solar Crystallizer with Polylactic Acid/Carbon Composites for Zero Liquid Discharge of High-Salinity Brine

Mechanically robust waterborne polyurethane with excellent room temperature self-healing and shape memory performance

Hazelnut shell carbon filled polylactic acid composite filaments for 3D printing photothermal structures