Surface nanocrystallization and gradient structure developed in the bulk TC4 alloy processed by shot peening

Unique microstructure and simultaneous enhancements of strength and ductility in gradient-microstructured Cu sheet produced by single-roll angular-rolling

Mechanical behavior of structurally gradient nickel alloy

Contribution of ultrasonic surface rolling process to the fatigue properties of TB8 alloy with body-centered cubic structure

Effects of strain rate on the low cycle fatigue behavior of AZ31B magnesium alloy processed by SMAT

A large depth of 800 µm gradient microstructure was produced in pure titanium (Ti) by means of surface rolling treatment (SRT). The microstructural characteristics with different depths from the top surface were analyzed by optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and electron backscattered diffraction. The results showed that, on the outmost surface, nanograins with an average grain size of ∼100 nm were achieved. In the subsurface, i.e., the deformation twinning region, a large volume fraction of $\{10\bar 12\}$
 deformation twins together with a low fraction of $\{11\bar 22\}$
 and $\{11\bar 24\}$
 twins were identified. Based on the microstructural analysis, the grain refinement mechanisms with increasing strain are summarized as: (i) prior division by deformation twinning, (ii) refinement effect of subgrain boundaries resulting from the accumulation of high density of dislocation, and (iii) transformation effect from low angle grain boundaries to high angle grain boundaries. The results of tension tests also show that the titanium sample after SRT shows higher strength than the as-received titanium sample.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/23666539749732BD931D2E544105F4C6/S0884291414000193a.pdf/div-class-title-gradient-nano-microstructure-and-its-formation-mechanism-in-pure-titanium-produced-by-surface-rolling-treatment-div.pdf

Gradient nano microstructure and its formation mechanism in pure titanium produced by surface rolling treatment

The effect of surface nanocrystallization (SNC) on torsion fatigue property of pure titanium was investigated. Compared with coarse-grained Ti (CG Ti), the SNC Ti exhibits the longer fatigue life at the same cyclic stress amplitude and the higher fatigue strength limit. Both CG and SNC Ti display cyclic softening during torsional loading. The cyclic softening rate of SNC Ti is lower than that of CG Ti. Microstructural analysis reveals that, fatigue crack initiation is suppressed in the SNC Ti since the surface gradient nano/ultrafine grained layer restrains strain localization. As a result, the mechanism of crack initiation changes from grain boundary and twin boundary cracking to shear band cracking. Parallel dislocation lines, embryonic cells and twins are observed in the fatigued CG Ti. In comparison, no obvious variation of substructures can be distinguished in the SNC Ti before and after torsion fatigue. The relative stable microstructure in the SNC Ti facilitates the improvement of fatigue life. Furthermore, the large residual compressive stress on the surface restrains the fatigue crack propagation in the SNC metals. Therefore, the SNC Ti displays the better torsion fatigue properties than the CG Ti.

Torsion fatigue behavior of pure titanium with a gradient nanostructured surface layer

The high-cycle fatigue behavior was investigated in pure titanium after surface nanocrystallization (SNC Ti). Compared with the coarse-grained titanium (CG Ti) samples, the SNC Ti samples exhibit an improved fatigue life. The SNC has a remarkable influence on the fatigue cracks initiation and growth of pure titanium. The results show that, because the free-surface cracking is suppressed by the surface nanogradient structure in the SNC Ti, the fatigue cracks initiation sites change from the free surface to the subsurface. Meanwhile, the fatigue crack growth rate decreases due to the microstructural feature and residual compressive stress. The deformation twins in the subsurface of SNC Ti have a marked effect on the fatigue crack initiation and the crack growth. The former effect is due to the twin boundaries being preferential sites for crack initiation, while the latter is associated with the barriers that the twin boundaries pose to the propagation of dislocations. Furthermore, microstructural analysis indicates that the dislocation distribution in SNC Ti gradually becomes homogenous as fatigue processes. This homogeneous microstructure is also beneficial to the improvement of fatigue life.

Effect of Surface Nanocrystallization on Fatigue Behavior of Pure Titanium

Method for performing gradient nano-crystallization on surface of metal

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Gradient nano microstructure and its formation mechanism in pure titanium produced by surface rolling treatment

Torsion fatigue behavior of pure titanium with a gradient nanostructured surface layer

Effect of Surface Nanocrystallization on Fatigue Behavior of Pure Titanium

Method for performing gradient nano-crystallization on surface of metal