Changing network conditions pose severe problems to video streaming in the Internet. HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS) is a technology employed by numerous video services that relieves these issues by adapting the video to the current network conditions. It enables service providers to improve resource utilization and Quality of Experience (QoE) by incorporating information from different layers in order to deliver and adapt a video in its best possible quality. Thereby, it allows taking into account end user device capabilities, available video quality levels, current network conditions, and current server load. For end users, the major benefits of HAS compared to classical HTTP video streaming are reduced interruptions of the video playback and higher bandwidth utilization, which both generally result in a higher QoE. Adaptation is possible by changing the frame rate, resolution, or quantization of the video, which can be done with various adaptation strategies and related client- and server-side actions. The technical development of HAS, existing open standardized solutions, but also proprietary solutions are reviewed in this paper as fundamental to derive the QoE influence factors that emerge as a result of adaptation. The main contribution is a comprehensive survey of QoE related works from human computer interaction and networking domains, which are structured according to the QoE impact of video adaptation. To be more precise, subjective studies that cover QoE aspects of adaptation dimensions and strategies are revisited. As a result, QoE influence factors of HAS and corresponding QoE models are identified, but also open issues and conflicting results are discussed. Furthermore, technical influence factors, which are often ignored in the context of HAS, affect perceptual QoE influence factors and are consequently analyzed. This survey gives the reader an overview of the current state of the art and recent developments. At the same time, it targets networking researchers who develop new solutions for HTTP video streaming or assess video streaming from a user centric point of view. Therefore, this paper is a major step toward truly improving HAS.

A Survey on Quality of Experience of HTTP Adaptive Streaming

A method comprises receiving a first sequence of access units and a second sequence of access units; decoding at least one access unit of the first sequence of access units; decoding a first decodable access unit of the second sequence of access units; determining whether a next decodable access unit in the second sequence of access units can be decoded before an output time of the next decodable access unit in the second sequence of access units; and skipping decoding of the next decodable access unit based on determining that the next decodable access unit cannot be decoded before the at least one of the decoding time and the output time of the next decodable access unit.

Method and apparatus for video coding and decoding

The Third Generation Partnership Project defined multimedia broadcast/multicast service in 2005 to optimize the distribution of video traffic. This standard covers the terminal, radio, core network, and user service aspects. This MBMS standard has evolved into enhanced MBMS (eMBMS) that builds on top of the 3GPP Long Term Evolution standard. eMBMS evolution brings improved performance thanks to higher and more flexible LTE bit rates, single frequency network operations, and carrier configuration flexibility. 3GPP Rel-11 also brings improvements in the areas of service layer with, for example, video codec for higher resolutions and frame rate, and forward error correction. eMBMS allows offloading of the LTE network and backhaul. It enables the possibility to deliver premium content to many users with secured quality of service in defined areas. Other important use cases are pushed content via user equipment caching and machine-to-machine services. This article describes the relevant use cases for eMBMS in terms of service. It then gives a tutorial on eMBMS, in particular highlighting the evolution over MBMS. The scope comprises the radio access, core network, and service layer.

Evolved multimedia broadcast/multicast service (eMBMS) in LTE-advanced: overview and Rel-11 enhancements

The present disclosure pertains to an image-processing device and method that make it possible to suppress block noise. A βLUT_input calculator and a clip processor determine βLUT_input, which is a value inputted to an existing-β generator and an expanded-β generator. When the value of βLUT_input qp from the clip processor is 51 or less, the existing-β generator determines β using a LUT conforming to the HVEC standard, and supplies same to a filter process determination unit. When the value of βLUT_input qp from the clip processor is larger than 51, the expanded-β generator determines the expanded β and supplies same to the filter process determination part. This disclosure, for example, can be applied to an image processing device.

Image processing device and method

In HTTP Adaptive Streaming, video content is temporally divided into multiple segments, each encoded at several quality levels. The client can adapt the requested video quality to network changes, generally resulting in a smoother playback. Unfortunately, live streaming solutions still often suffer from playout freezes and a large end-to-end delay. By reducing the segment duration, the client can use a smaller temporal buffer and respond even faster to network changes. However, since segments are requested subsequently, this approach is susceptible to high round-trip times. In this letter, we discuss the merits of an HTTP/2 push-based approach. We present the details of a measurement study on the available bandwidth in real 4G/LTE networks, and analyze the induced bit-rate overhead for HEVC-encoded video segments with a sub-second duration. Through an extensive evaluation with the generated video content, we show that the proposed approach results in a higher video quality (+7.5%) and a lower freeze time (−50.4%), and allows to reduce the live delay compared with traditional solutions over HTTP/1.1.

/pdf/http-2-based-adaptive-streaming-of-hevc-video-over-4g-lte-10dv5xd1r6.pdf

HTTP/2-Based Adaptive Streaming of HEVC Video Over 4G/LTE Networks

The invention teaches a media container file (1) comprising media data organized into media source blocks (20; 22; 24). The media source blocks (20; 22; 24) are partitioned into source symbols that can be processed by a forward error correction (FEC) algorithm for generation of FEC redundancy data (70). Information (30; 32; 34) of this source block partitioning is included in the file (1) in addition to the source blocks (20; 22; 24). The container file (1) also comprises meta data (40) providing an association between the media source blocks (20; 22; 24) and the partitioning information (30; 32; 34). The container file (1) can be employed by a media server (200) in a media session for compiling media data packets to be transmitted to requesting clients (400; 410; 420) without the need of extensive data processing before calculating FEC data.

Media container file management

In a method for transmitting a multimedia presentation comprising a number of media objects: the media objects are organized in a multimedia container or container format; identifiers referring to the media objects are organized in the same container; and an identifiable file coordinating the media objects is also provided in the container.

Container format for multimedia presentations

The 3GPP packet-switched streaming service (PSS) is a standard for audio and video streaming to handheld 2.5G and 3G terminals and provides a complete streaming and download framework for commercial content. This article gives an overview of the PSS standard and in particular the support for adaptive streaming in PSS. We first describe the concept of streaming media and motivate the development of the PSS standard. Next, an introduction and overview of the PSS standard is given, followed by a detailed walkthrough of the adaptive streaming features. Finally, we present an example of 3GPP PSS-compliant adaptive streaming performed in a real client/server implementation. The proposed scheme is shown to be able to substantially improve the streaming quality under 2.5G and 3G network channel scenarios

Adaptive streaming within the 3GPP packet-switched streaming service

In video encoding and decoding predictions may be generated by intra-frame prediction. Intra-frame prediction uses reconstructed pixels in a reconstructed frame. Intra-frame prediction is performed by extending the reconstructed pixels into a predicted block using intra-frame prediction modes, each intra-frame prediction mode indicating a direction of the extension. In order to reduce the number of possible intra- frame prediction modes, a subset is selected from a predetermined set of possible intra- frame prediction modes. A subset of intra-frame prediction modes can be created by forming preselection sets of intra-frame prediction modes on the basis of similarity of their associated predicted blocks and selecting a representative intra-frame prediction mode from each preselection set.

Adaptive intra mode selection

18 ABSTRACT Co-processing of a video frame (32) and its associated depth map (34) suitable for free viewpoint television involves detecting respective edges (70, 71, 80, 81) in the video frame (32) and the depth map (34) The edges (70, 71, 80, 81) are aligned and used to identify any pixels (90-92) in the depth map (34) or the video frame (32) having incorrect depth values or color values based on the positions of the pixels in the depth map (34)or the video frame (32) relative an edge (80) in 5 the depth map (34) and a corresponding, aligned edge (70) in the video frame (32) The depth values or color values of the identified pixels (90-92) can then be corrected in order to improve the accuracy ofthe depth map (32) or video frame (34) (Fig 3)10

Depth and video co-processing

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