The effect and mechanism of ultrasound and CaF2 on vanadium leaching from vanadium-bearing shale were investigated systematically. In consideration of the enhancement for vanadium recovery, the combination of ultrasound and CaF2 (66.28%) exerts more evident effects than ultrasound (26.97%) and CaF2 (60.35%) alone, demonstrating the synergetic effect of ultrasound and CaF2. Kinetic analysis manifests that the product layer diffusion controls vanadium leaching in ultrasound system without CaF2, however product layer diffusion and interfacial reaction is the rate-controlling step for vanadium leaching in other three leaching systems. The combination of ultrasound and CaF2 notably decreases the activation energy (Ea) from 62.03 to 27.61 kJ/mol, nevertheless individual CaF2 only reduces the Ea to 50.70 kJ/mol. X-ray diffraction and fourier transform infrared spectrometer analyses show that the decomposition degree of the vanadium-bearing mica structure is the most significant in ultrasound and CaF2 system, proving the highest release degree of vanadium. Specific surface area and pore distribution combined with scanning electron microscope analyses reveal that the action of ultrasound and CaF2 would provide higher specific surface area, more abundant pores structure and cracks for the particles, which further prompts the rapid diffusion of H+, F− and HF, and achieves the conspicuous improvement of vanadium leaching recovery.

Synergetic strengthening mechanism of ultrasound combined with calcium fluoride towards vanadium extraction from low-grade vanadium-bearing shale

Flotation is a complex process that occurs in solid–liquid-gas multiphase systems, and its main factors include the minerals, separation medium, as well as various flotation reagents. The study of mineral properties and interactions with other components such as reagents and water lays the basic theoretical foundation for flotation. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations can qualitatively evaluate the exchange of matter and energy between the mineral system and the surroundings and quantitatively characterize these behaviors, which greatly expands the breadth and depth of flotation studies. This review systematically summarizes the advances of flotation research based on DFT studies, including the study of mineral crystal chemistry represented by the theory of lattice defects, mineral surface hydration such as hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity, surface regulation mechanism, and collecting mechanism based on surface adsorption theory. More significantly, it systematically elaborates different types of collectors according to their characteristics and emphatically explains the mechanism of some typical collectors in detail.

Insight into mineral flotation fundamentals through the DFT method

Flotation separation of smithsonite from calcite is difficult due to their similar surface properties. In the present study, a reagent scheme of depressant calcium lignosulphonate (CLS) and collector benzyl hydroxamic acid (BHA) was introduced in the flotation of smithsonite from calcite. Microflotation tests revealed that the efficient flotation of smithsonite from calcite could only be obtained with the addition order of BHA before CLS, which was opposite to the widely-used order that adding depressant prior to the collector. The zeta potential measurements indicated that BHA selectively adsorbed onto smithsonite surface, then not allowed the CLS adsorption onto the smithsonite surface rather than calcite surface because of the steric hindrance, thereby the smithsonite surface remained hydrophobic while calcite surface became more hydrophilic after the addition of CLS. As a result, the calcite flotation was completely depressed while the smithsonite flotation recovery was still in high value, leading to the optimal flotation separation performance.

Studies of benzyl hydroxamic acid/calcium lignosulphonate addition order in the flotation separation of smithsonite from calcite

Enhanced visible-light-assisted peroxymonosulfate activation over MnFe2O4 modified g-C3N4/diatomite composite for bisphenol A degradation

Insight into the low-rank coal flotation using amino acid surfactant as a promoter

The present work aimed to study the effect of slurry conditioning on flocculant-aided filtration of coal tailings by the analysis of filtration kinetics and filter cake structure. Laboratory filtration tests of the coal tailings showed that both the shear rate and agitation time have significant effects on filtration rate and cake moisture. Moderate agitation at the shear rate of 92 s−1 was favorable for fast filtration, but high cake moisture was encountered. The low-field 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements of the filter cake showed that the slurry conditioning has a significant effect on the residual water in large pores and a negligible effect on the residual water in small pores. The X-ray micro-tomography (XRM) measurements indicated that the filter cake formed at the shear rate of 92 s−1 has more macro-pores and higher porosity than that formed at the shear rate of 53 s−1, hence more residual water was entrapped in filter cake. The slurry conditioning in the presence of flocculant will change the structure of filter cake and affect the filtration performance. There was a paradox between fast filtration rate and low filter cake moisture. The findings enable better understanding of the effect of slurry conditioning on flocculant-aided filtration of coal tailings.

Effect of slurry conditioning on flocculant-aided filtration of coal tailings studied by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray micro-tomography

Contribution of friction to the heterocoagulation between coal surface and quartz particles studied by the particle vision and measurement (PVM)

Chemical conditioner is employed widely to improve the filtration rate of coal tailings in coal preparation plant. However, little attention has been paid to physical conditioner which could be eco...

Filtration of coal tailings aided by a novel physical conditioner carbon–containing fly ash

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Effect of slurry conditioning on flocculant-aided filtration of coal tailings studied by low-field nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray micro-tomography

Contribution of friction to the heterocoagulation between coal surface and quartz particles studied by the particle vision and measurement (PVM)

Filtration of coal tailings aided by a novel physical conditioner carbon–containing fly ash