Soil water content.

This review
 gives
 a
 comprehensive
 overview
 of
 adaptations
 of
 mangrove
 root
 system
 to
 the
 adverse
 environmental
 conditions
 and
 summarizes
 the
 ecological
 importance
 of
 mangrove
 root
 to
 the
 ecosystem.
 In plants, the first line of defense against abiotic stress is in their roots. If the soil surrounding the plant root is healthy and biologically diverse, the plant will have a higher chance to survive in stressful conditions. Different plant species have unique adaptations when exposed to a variety of abiotic stress conditions. None of the responses are identical, even though plants have become adapted to the exact same environment. Mangrove plants have developed complex morphological, anatomical, physiological, and molecular adaptations allowing survival and success in their high-stress habitat. This review briefly depicts adaptive strategies of mangrove roots with respect to anatomy, physiology, biochemistry and also the major advances recently made at the genetic and genomic levels. Results drawn from the different studies on mangrove roots have further indicated that specific patterns of gene expression might contribute to adaptive evolution of mangroves under high salinity. We also review crucial ecological contributions provided by mangrove root communities to the ecosystem including marine fauna.

Mangrove root: adaptations and ecological importance

University Grants Committee of the Hong Kong SAR, China [AoE/P-04/2004]; Hong Kong Ocean Park Conservation Fund; Foundation of the Key Project from the State Oceanic Administration [R-BTC0313]; Provincial Natural Science Foundation of Fujian [2011J05111]

Spatial and seasonal variations of atmospheric N2O and CO2 fluxes from a subtropical mangrove swamp and their relationships with soil characteristics

Under a changing climate, coastal wetlands experience sea level rise, warming, and vegetation change, all of which may influence organic matter mineralization In coastal wetlands of subtropical west-central Florida (USA), we investigated how soil carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) mineralization respond to soil water, temperature, and ecosystem type ( Avicennia germinans mangrove forest vs Juncus roemerianus salt marsh) We evaluated how soil respiration and mineral N concentration varied along a soil moisture gradient, and whether these relationships differed between ecosystem types Then, we manipulated soils in a 28-d laboratory incubation to evaluate how potentially mineralizable C and N respond to temperature (23 vs 27 °C), soil hydroperiod (inundated 4 vs 20 h/d), and soil source Soil saturation and inundation suppressed short-term (minutes to weeks) C mineralization from near-surface soils Soil CO 2 efflux declined by 65% as soil moisture increased from 75% to 85%, and potentially mineralizable C was 18% lower with a 20-h hydroperiod than with a 4-h hydroperiod Organic C quality appears to be greater in A germinans than in J roemerianus soils, as A germinans soils had higher field CO 2 efflux rates and greater mineralizable C:N (despite lower total C:N) Increasing incubation temperature from 23 to 27 °C elevated potentially mineralizable C by 40%, indicating that two symptoms of climate change (increased inundation from sea level rise, and warming) may have opposing effects on soil C mineralization Temperature sensitivity of C mineralization was high for long-hydroperiod soils, however, suggesting that protection of soil organic matter (SOM) due to prolonged inundation will be undermined by warming Potentially mineralizable N was greater in J roemerianus soils, although in situ mineral N was not different between ecosystems, instead correlating positively with SOM These results indicate that models forecasting soil elevation responses to climate change might include inundation effects on mineralization rates

Effects of Flooding and Warming on Soil Organic Matter Mineralization in Avicennia germinans Mangrove Forests and Juncus roemerianus Salt Marshes

http://s430afc74937ae591.jimcontent.com/download/version/1449232492/module/8967991169/name/yuen%2B2016-FEM-360-review%20of%20allometric%20equations.pdf

Review of allometric equations for major land covers in SE Asia: Uncertainty and implications for above- and below-ground carbon estimates

Site-independent allometric relationships for above-ground weight were studied for three groups of mangroves: Rhizophora, Bruguiera, and other species. A hundred and one tree samples were collected from five forest sites where a major difference is geographical locality. For stem weight, a site-independent allometric relationship using the variable DBH2H or DR0.32H (DR0.3, = stem diameter at 30 cm above the highest prop root) was attained for each group, because the specific gravity of wood and overall stem shape are identical among the trees of the different sites. Although some mangroves showed difference in specific gravity of wood among different sites, this difference was not large enough to effect the site segregation of the allometric relationship for stem weight. The allometric relationships for the branch and leaf weights of all studied mangroves differed by site when we used DBH2H or DR0.32H as an independent variable. However, when we used the stem diameter at the height of the lowest branch DB as an independent variable, the difference in allometric relationships for both branch and leaf weights among sites became smaller. We discussed the application of the Pipe Model (Shinozaki et ai. 1964) for establishing site-independent allometric relationships common to a variety of geographically distinct mangroves.

Site-independent allometric relationships for estimating above-ground weights of mangroves

Mortality and growth of cut pieces of viviparous mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata) seedlings in the field condition

Carbon dioxide emission through soil respiration is an important component of the carbon balance in forest ecosystems. However, little information is available on the rates of soil respiration in mangrove forests. We studied the rate of soil respiration in a secondary mangrove forest in eastern Thailand on an estuary of the Trat River during both the wet and dry seasons. A study site of 40 × 110 m was established and a series of vegetation zones identified: Sonneratia, Avicennia, Rhizophora and Xylocarpus, in order of increasing elevation inland. Soil respiration was measured during low tide, using an infrared gas analyser connected to a respiratory chamber, by excluding the respiration of above-ground roots from the chamber. At least 19 measurements were performed in each zone for each season. The rate of soil respiration significantly increased with increasing soil temperature. The soil temperature which was usually lower than that of sea water showed a trend that decreased with distance from the river in both wet and dry seasons. The relative land elevation causes different periods of inundation among the vegetation zones. The period was longest in the Sonneratia zone located on the river fringe, and became shorter moving inland. Thus, the elevation and relevant period of inundation are considered to be causal factors warming the soil. Consequently, the difference in soil temperature caused significantly different rates of soil respiration among the vegetation zones in the mangrove forest. Overall, the average rate of soil respiration ranged from 0.456 to 0.876 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1, supporting the view that mangrove forests have lower rates of soil respiration than do upland forests.

Carbon dioxide emission through soil respiration in a secondary mangrove forest of eastern Thailand.

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Site-independent allometric relationships for estimating above-ground weights of mangroves

Mortality and growth of cut pieces of viviparous mangrove (Rhizophora apiculata and R. mucronata) seedlings in the field condition

Carbon dioxide emission through soil respiration in a secondary mangrove forest of eastern Thailand.