Biological monitoring: lichens as bioindicators of air pollution assessment--a review.

Recent records of environmental contamination noted a moderate decrease of SO2 pollution, whereas the burden of atmospheric heavy metals is still considerable. The present review refers to the entrapment, uptake, and accumulation of heavy metals by lichen thalli, made apparent by parameters of lichen vitality and stress. The particulate nature of airborne heavy metals is made evident by parameters referring to the entrapment of heavy-metal containing particles by lichen thalli. The mechanism of uptake of heavy metals, investigated by means of controlled experiments, refers to extracellular and intracellular uptake. The rate of absorption and the accumulation of heavy metals is dependent on morphological features of lichen thalli in addition to kind and intensity of emission sources and to nonanthropogenic factors such as climate and topography. The role of lichens as biomonitors is demonstrated by the case of lead. In contrast to data obtained by retrospective studies, using lichens as biomonitors of heav...

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Biomonitoring Atmospheric Heavy Metals with Lichens: Theory and Application

The effects of the heavy metals copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and lead (Pb) on the chlorophyll content of two mosses Thuidium delicatulum (L) Mitt and T sparsifolium (Mitt) Jaeg, as well as leafy liverwort Ptychanthus striatus (Lehm & Linderb) were examined to understand the impact of metal accumulation on the chlorophyll content of mosses and leafy liverwort, which are found only in uncontaminated sites of the Kathmandu valley These plants were treated with different concentrations of CuCl2, ZnCl2, and Pb(NO3)2, ranging from 10−10 M to 10−2 M, in isolation and in combination under experimental conditions Metal accumulation in the plant bodies increased with metal concentrations Cu accumulation showed a significant inhibitory effect on chlorophyll-a, chlorophyll-b, and total chlorophyll in the mosses and the leafy liverwort An insignificant decrease in chlorophyll content in both Thuidium species, but a significant decrease in leafy liverwort, was observed after Zn and Pb accumulation Chlorophyll-a decreased significantly in T sparsifolium; chlorophyll-b and total chlorophyll decreased significantly in T delicatulum; and all chlorophyll contents decreased insignificantly in P striatus after accumulation of Cu+Zn+Pb ions together from mixed metal solution The ratio of chlorophyll-a to -b decreased more rapidly in both Thuidium species, with higher concentrations occurring when Cu+Zn+Pb ions were together than when Cu, Zn, or Pb ions were alone This indicated a more destructive effect of Cu metals on the chlorophyll contents of both Thuidium species High concentrations of Cu are known to activate oxidative damage and alter cell-membrane properties by lipid peroxidation, thereby demonstrating the inhibitory effect on the enzymes involved in chlorophyll production The greater loss of chlorophyll from heavy-metal accumulation in P striatus than in T delicatulum and T sparsifolium may have been caused by relatively more K+ efflux in leafy liverwort than in the mosses, thus indicating their differences in membrane integrity

Impact of Heavy Metals (Copper, Zinc, and Lead) on the Chlorophyll Content of Some Mosses

The cellular location of Cu in lichens and its effects on membrane integrity and chlorophyll fluorescence

The major objective of the present study was to identify the relationship of physiologial parameters of the photosynthetic system with the elemental content of the lichen Ramalina lacera (With.) J.R. Laund. Thalli of R. lacera were collected in an unpolluted site and transplanted in a national park and an industrial region in Israel for 8 mo. Analyses of photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll integrity, spectral reflectance, and amount of 11 metals were performed after this period of exposure. The normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), indicative of the spectral reflectance response of the thallus, correlated with photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll and K content and correlated inversely with amounts of Ba, Cr, Cu, and Ni. The NDVI appears to enable the detection of early signs of pollutant-induced stress before changes in other physiological parameters become apparent. Elevated amounts of Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, and Zn in lichens transplanted to an industrial area and the correlation of Mn and Ni, Mn and V, Ni and V, Fe and Mn, Fe and V, and Fe and Zn point for the greater part to metal processing in a steel smelter. Correlations of Cr and Ni, Cu and Ni, Zn and Cu, Cu and Mn, and Zn and Ni could be related to metal processing in the industrial area but indicate also vehicular activity as a possible originator.

/pdf/photosynthesis-chlorophyll-integrity-and-spectral-3m8njb95cy.pdf

Photosynthesis, chlorophyll integrity, and spectral reflectance in lichens exposed to air pollution.

Metal uptake studies with Cladina rangiferina showed that the affinity for nickel was much lower than for copper or thallium. Nickel uptake was not decreased by the absence of light or oxygen or by pretreatment with metabolic inhibitors. Nickel uptake was not temperature dependent but was very dependent upon pH.Cation-exchange studies demonstrated that there was a stoichiometric exchange of Ni2+ for Sr2+, and Cu2+ for Sr2+. The exchange of Tl+ for Sr2+ was not stoichiometric, excess Tl+ was accumulated in relation to the Sr2+ released. The ratio of Sr2+:Tl+ exchange increased with increasing Tl+ availability from 1:9 (12.5 μmol Tl+ available/g of lichen) to 1:2 (500 μmol Tl+ available). Acid-treated lichen gave the expected exchange ratio of 1:2. Washing of the thalli with deionized water resulted in the continued loss of Tl+ from acid-treated and live C. rangiferina. Copper and nickel were not released in this manner.Increasing concentrations of copper and thallium produced a corresponding loss of potass...

Copper, nickel and thallium uptake by the lichen Cladina rangiferina

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Copper, nickel and thallium uptake by the lichen Cladina rangiferina