Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs; also referred to as mesenchymal stromal cells) have attracted much attention for their ability to regulate inflammatory processes. Their therapeutic potential is currently being investigated in various degenerative and inflammatory disorders such as Crohn’s disease, graft-versus-host disease, diabetic nephropathy and organ fibrosis. The mechanisms by which MSCs exert their therapeutic effects are multifaceted, but in general, these cells are thought to enable damaged tissues to form a balanced inflammatory and regenerative microenvironment in the presence of vigorous inflammation. Studies over the past few years have demonstrated that when exposed to an inflammatory environment, MSCs can orchestrate local and systemic innate and adaptive immune responses through the release of various mediators, including immunosuppressive molecules, growth factors, exosomes, chemokines, complement components and various metabolites. Interestingly, even nonviable MSCs can exert beneficial effects, with apoptotic MSCs showing immunosuppressive functions in vivo. Because the immunomodulatory capabilities of MSCs are not constitutive but rather are licensed by inflammatory cytokines, the net outcomes of MSC activation might vary depending on the levels and the types of inflammation within the residing tissues. Here, we review current understanding of the immunomodulatory mechanisms of MSCs and the issues related to their therapeutic applications.

Immunoregulatory mechanisms of mesenchymal stem and stromal cells in inflammatory diseases.

Abstract Recent advancements in stem cell technology open a new door for patients suffering from diseases and disorders that have yet to be treated. Stem cell-based therapy, including human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), has recently emerged as a key player in regenerative medicine. hPSCs are defined as self-renewable cell types conferring the ability to differentiate into various cellular phenotypes of the human body, including three germ layers. MSCs are multipotent progenitor cells possessing self-renewal ability (limited in vitro) and differentiation potential into mesenchymal lineages, according to the International Society for Cell and Gene Therapy (ISCT). This review provides an update on recent clinical applications using either hPSCs or MSCs derived from bone marrow (BM), adipose tissue (AT), or the umbilical cord (UC) for the treatment of human diseases, including neurological disorders, pulmonary dysfunctions, metabolic/endocrine-related diseases, reproductive disorders, skin burns, and cardiovascular conditions. Moreover, we discuss our own clinical trial experiences on targeted therapies using MSCs in a clinical setting, and we propose and discuss the MSC tissue origin concept and how MSC origin may contribute to the role of MSCs in downstream applications, with the ultimate objective of facilitating translational research in regenerative medicine into clinical applications. The mechanisms discussed here support the proposed hypothesis that BM-MSCs are potentially good candidates for brain and spinal cord injury treatment, AT-MSCs are potentially good candidates for reproductive disorder treatment and skin regeneration, and UC-MSCs are potentially good candidates for pulmonary disease and acute respiratory distress syndrome treatment. 

/pdf/stem-cell-based-therapy-for-human-diseases-1aekqdyv.pdf

Stem cell-based therapy for human diseases

Spinal cord injury (SCI) constitutes an inestimable public health issue. The most crucial phase in the pathophysiological process of SCI concerns the well-known secondary injury, which is the uncontrolled and destructive cascade occurring later with aberrant molecular signaling, inflammation, vascular changes, and secondary cellular dysfunctions. The use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represents one of the most important and promising tested strategies. Their appeal, among the other sources and types of stem cells, increased because of their ease of isolation/preservation and their properties. Nevertheless, encouraging promise from preclinical studies was followed by weak and conflicting results in clinical trials. In this review, the therapeutic role of MSCs is discussed, together with their properties, application, limitations, and future perspectives.

/pdf/mesenchymal-stem-cells-for-spinal-cord-injury-current-59mn0h0c7f.pdf

Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Spinal Cord Injury: Current Options, Limitations, and Future of Cell Therapy

Axonal regeneration and formation of tripartite (axo-glial) junctions at damaged sites is a prerequisite for early repair of injured spinal cord. Transplantation of stem cells at such sites of damage which can generate both neuronal and glial population has gained impact in terms of recuperation upon infliction with spinal cord injury. In spite of the fact that a copious number of pre-clinical studies using different stem/progenitor cells have shown promising results at acute and subacute stages, at the chronic stages of injury their recovery rates have shown a drastic decline. Therefore, developing novel therapeutic strategies are the need of the hour in order to assuage secondary morbidity and effectuate improvement of the spinal cord injury (SCI)-afflicted patients’ quality of life. The present review aims at providing an overview of the current treatment strategies and also gives an insight into the potential cell-based therapies for the treatment of SCI.

Spinal cord injury: pathophysiology, treatment strategies, associated challenges, and future implications.

Current Options for Cell Therapy in Spinal Cord Injury

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.3727/096368913X664540

Autologous bone marrow-derived cell therapy combined with physical therapy induces functional improvement in chronic spinal cord injury patients.

Objectives: Cerebral palsy (CP) is a disorder caused by injury or abnormal development of the brain at or immediately after birth. Current management of CP may improve the symptoms, such as muscle tone and gait, but is not directed to the original damage. Cellular therapy is evolving as a regenerative tool in many diseases with neural damage. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been proven to transdifferentiate into neural lineage and improve neurodegeneration in animal models and in few clinical trials. This study was designed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of autologous MSC therapy in cases of CP. Subjects and Methods: this study is a randomized controlled trial enrolling 100 CP patients aged 1-7 years. Patients were assigned into two groups: Study group (44 patients after drop out cases) and control group (50 patients). All patients were subjected to history taking and clinical assessment. The study groups underwent bone marrow aspiration and MSC separation. MSCs were injected intrathecally. Follow-up was done using Child Health Questionnaire, Gross Motor Function classification System and Pediatric evaluation of disability inventory. Results: Overall assessment revealed improvement in motor, cognitive, or social parameters in 8 patients (18.18%). Study group showed improvement in Child Health Questionnaire, Gross Motor Function Classification, but not Pediatric Evaluation of Disablity Inventory. No correlation was found between improvement and age or gender. Complications observed were transient related to injection, no neurological or radiological complications were observed. Conclusions: Autologous MSC injection in CP patients showed short-term safety, with variable efficacy in improving motor and cognitive defects.

/pdf/intrathecal-autologous-bone-marrow-derived-msc-therapy-in-2fg28getef.pdf

Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow Derived MSC Therapy in Cerebral Palsy: Safety and Short Term Efficacy

Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Spinal Cord Injury: Long Term Safety and Clinical Efficacy

Dendritic cell—based tumor vaccination for patient with malignant glioma

Background: Intraventricular tumors are ideal indications for neuroendoscopic surgery. Because intraventricular tumors often cause cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pathway obstruction, resulting in ventricular dilation and sufficient space for maneuvering with the endoscopes is available. Objective: The aim of this study was retrospectively and antrospectively evaluation of the role and outcome of use of endoscope in intraventricular tumors in term of: 1-Diagnostic of the deep lesions. 2- Management of increased intra-cranial pressure (ICP). 3-Excision of tumor depends on the type. Patients and Methods: This prospective and retrospective study was carried on 30 patients who sought medical advice for intra ventricular tumor from 2015 to 2019 in Al-Hussein University Hospital. Tumors are removed or biopsied with or without ETV and septum pellucidostomy. Results: According to our study, we found that endoscopic removal of intraventricular tumors has low rate of complications. There were 25 cases with no complications (83.3%) and better outcome. There were 15 cases (50%) very good outcome and 10 cases (33.3%) were good outcome, as there was minimal dissection and brain retraction. Conclusion: Regarding endoscopic treatment of intra ventricular tumors, there are many advantages of the endoscopic approach as low rate of complications, minimal dissection, better outcome, brain retraction, rapid access to the target and excellent visualization of the lesion and surrounding structures. Endoscopic approach also has the ability of treatment of the associated hydrocephalus at the same session with low rate of failure or recurrence.

https://ejhm.journals.ekb.eg/article_40641_13ac65dd933d9a0cacaf33572ec36155.pdf

Endoscopic Management of Supratentorial Ventricular Tumors

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

We encountered an error while loading the panel. Please try refreshing the page.

Something went wrong

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

Anyone with the link can view this chat. You can switch it back to private anytime.

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

Osama Ghannam

Author Tools

Chat about Author