The Large-Scale Agile Development workshop explored the
main research challenges in large-scale software development. We considered multi-site organisations with large-scale projects that include a large
number of teams adopting agile methods. Such topics include inter-team
coordination, knowledge sharing, large project organisation, agile transformation, agile teamwork quality, project models that facilitate several
self-organising teams, and practices for scaling agile methods. We accepted five full research papers, which are included in this volume. The
accepted papers report empirical research studies using surveys, observations and case studies. Also, an interactive online discussion session was
conducted to compare the two approaches, SAFe and Spotify. The workshop participants, which were around a hundred people, joined this discussion to compare the two approaches and suggest some future research
questions about the hybridisation of SAFe and Spotify. This workshop
summary contributes as a current snapshot of research along with some
results from an interactive discussion about SAFe and Spotify.

Agile at scale : a summary of the 8th International Workshop on Large-Scale Agile Development

The advancement of quantum computers undermines the security of classical blockchain, necessitating either a post-quantum upgrade of the existing architecture or creation of an inherently quantum blockchain. Here we propose a practically realizable model of a fully quantum blockchain based on a generalized Gram-Schmidt procedure utilizing dimensional lifting. In this model, information of transactions stored in a multi-qubit state are subsequently encoded using the generalized Gram-Schmidt process. The chain is generated as a result of the reliance of orthogonalized state on the sequence of states preceding it. Various forking scenarios and their countermeasures are considered for the proposed model. It is shown to be secure even against quantum computing attacks using the no-cloning theorem and non-democratic nature of Generalized Gram-Schmidt orthogonalization. Finally, we outline a framework for a quantum token built on the same architecture as our blockchain. 

Quantum Blockchain Based on Dimensional Lifting Generalized Gram-Schmidt Procedure

Crypto-agility promises agile replacement of cryptographic building blocks and therewith supports context-aware and long-term security. To assess and evolve the degree of crypto-agility of one’s IT system, a commonly agreed model is helpful, but, to the best of our knowledge, does not exist. This work proposes the Crypto-Agility Maturity Model (CAMM), a maturity model for determining the state of crypto-agility of a given software or IT landscape. CAMM consists of five levels, for each level a set of requirements have been formulated based on literature review. Initial feedback from field experts confirms that CAMM has a well-designed structure and is easy to comprehend. Based on our model, the cryptographic agility of an IT landscape can be systematically measured and improved step by step. We expect that this will enable companies and institutions to respond better and faster to threats resulting from broken cryptographic schemes. This work serves to promote CAMM and encourage others to apply it in practice and further develop it jointly. 

Towards a maturity model for crypto-agility assessment

Key exchange.- Primitive construction.- Attacks (public-key cryptography).- Hashing.- Cryptanalysis and attacks (symmetric cryptography).- Network security.- Signatures.- System security.- Secure computation.

Applied cryptography and network security : 12th International Conference, ACNS 2014 Lausanne, Switzerland, June 10-13, 2014 : proceedings

The computation power of quantum computers introduces new security threats in Public Key Infrastructure (PKI), a system used by many governments to secure their digital public services and communication. This calls for an inevitable need for governments to be quantum-safe (QS) by modifying their PKI systems to be resistant to the attacks of quantum computers. However, there is limited academic literature on a QS PKI system, and in this limited literature, the transition challenges are perceived as exclusively technological. This paper aims to create a structured overview of challenges when transitioning to a QS PKI system. We do this by reviewing literature and classifying the challenges using Technology-Organization-Environment (TOE) framework and using an expert workshop to explore the challenges in the context of the PKI system in the Dutch government. The main challenges in the technological context include no universal QS solution, legacy system, complex PKI interoperability, and vulnerable Root CA. The main challenges in the organizational context include knowledge gap, unclear governance, lack of urgency, and in-house management support. Furthermore, the main challenges in the environmental context include institutional void, stakeholder collaboration, lack of awareness, and policy guidance. The results indicate that the QS transition from the current PKI system is complex, and the challenges are socio-technical. For policy-makers, this implies that they should start early to prepare, whereas organizations are hardly aware of the process of QS transition and the topic of quantum computing is yet to develop the urgency in organizations.

/pdf/challenges-in-the-transition-towards-a-quantum-safe-206jxo4z.pdf

Challenges in the Transition towards a Quantum-safe Government

The established cryptographic asymmetric methods are not prepared for possible attacks by a quantum computer and quantum algorithm. The challenge is to define new cryptographic primitives, quantum computer resistant security protocols and processes.

A Review of Post-quantum Cryptography and Crypto-agility Strategies

General security protocols use cryptographic schemes which are not prepared against quantum attacks. Asymmetric public key cryptographic schemes based on well researched methods are defined as broken, from quantum computer perspective. In contrast, symmetric cryptographic schemes and there methods are considered quantum-safe. A new effective strategy is necessary with focusing on post-quantum cryptography for evaluating and researching new quantum-safe cryptographic principles and crypto-agility to update vulnerable security protocols.

Paradigm of Post-quantum Cryptography and Crypto-agility: Strategy Approach of Quantum-safe Techniques.

The most challenging application of post-quantum cryptography (PQC) is the distribution of provably secure cryptographic keys and quantum-safe algorithms. Public-key Encryption (PKE), Key-establishment Mechanisms (KEM), and Digital Signature Algorithms (DSA) are necessary cryptographic mechanisms to use common encryption communication through insecure or untrusted networks. This paper proposes a provably quantum-resilient secure key agreement mechanism based on the most promising lattice-based cryptographic scheme and the Module Learning-with-Rounding (MLWR) problem. The main contribution of this paper is to construct a modified framework on classical computers for study and test-bed purposes.

A Quantum-Safe Public-Key-Algorithms Approach with Lattice-Based Scheme

Quantum mechanical phenomena are revolutionizing classical engineering fields such as signal processing or cryptography. When randomness plays an important role, like in cryptography where random bit sequences guarantee certain levels of security, quantum mechanical phenomena allow new ways of generating random bit sequences. Such sequences have a lot of applications in the communication sector and beyond. They can be generated deterministically (e.g. by using polynomials, resulting in pseudo-random sequences) or in a non-deterministic way (e.g. by using physical noise sources like external devices or sensors, resulting in random sequences). Important characteristics of such binary sequences can be modelled by gap processes in conjunction with the probability theory. Recently, all-optical approaches have attracted a lot of research interest. In this work, an adaptation of the quantum key distribution (QKD) setup is utilized for generating randomised bit sequences. The simulation results show that all-optically generated sequences very well resemble the theoretically ideal probability density characteristic. Furthermore, m-sequences show very promising results as well as Gold sequences. Additionally, the level of burstiness, i. e. the distribution of one’s and zero’s throughout the sequence, is studied for the different sequences. The results lead to the finding that generator polynomials with concentrated non-zero coefficients lead to more bursty bit sequences.

A New Gap-based Approach for Analysing All-Optical Random Bit Sequences

Abstract The Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) is a well-researched secure communication method for exchanging cryptographic keys only known by the shared participants. The vulnerable problem of a secret key distribution is the negotiation and the transfer over an insecure or untrusted channel. Novel further developments of the QKD communication method are part of in-field technologies and applications in communication devices, such as satellites. However, expensive physical test setups are necessary to improve new application possibilities of cryptographic protocol involving components of quantum mechanics and quantum laws of physics. Therefore, optical simulation software can play a part in essential QKD simulating and further developing quantum-based cryptosystems. In the paper, the authors consider a feasible QKD setup based on the BB84 protocol to create a symmetric key material based on achieving a linear key rate via optical simulation software. The paper still provides two experimental architecture designs to use the QKD for a cryptosystem.

Simulation and Application Purpose of a Randomized Secret Key with Quantum Key Distribution

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