Pretreatment methods to improve sludge anaerobic degradability: a review.

1.Fundamentals of the anaerobic digestion process 2.Reactor sizing, process kinetics, and modelling of anaerobic digestionof complex waste 3.Analysis and optimisation of the anaerobic digestion of the organicfraction of municipal solid waste 4.Anaerobic digestion of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste:a perspective 5.Types of anaerobic digester for solid wastes 6.Characteristics of the OFMSW and behaviour of the anaerobic digestionprocess 7.Co-digestion of the organic fraction of municipal waste with otherwaste types 8.Pretreatments for the enhancement of anaerobic digestion of solidwastes 9.Use of hydrolysis products of the OFMSW for biological nutrientremoval in wastewater treatment plants 10.Products, impacts and economy of anaerobic digestion of OFMSW 11.Anaerobic digestion of organic solid waste in bioreactor landfills

Biomethanization of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Wastes

The modern society generates large amounts of waste that represent a tremendous threat to the environment and human and animal health. To prevent and control this, a range of different waste treatment and disposal methods are used. The choice of method must always be based on maximum safety, minimum environmental impact and, as far as possible, on valorization of the waste and final recycling of the end products. One of the main trends of today’s waste management policies is to reduce the stream of waste going to landfills and to recycle the organic material and the plant nutrients back to the soil. Anaerobic digestion (AD) is one way of achieving this goal and it will, furthermore, reduce energy consumption or may even be net energy producing. This chapter aims at provide a basic understanding of the world in which anaerobic digestion is operating today. The newest process developments as well as future perspectives will be discussed.

Perspectives for anaerobic digestion.

Testing of alkaline and enzymatic hydrolysis pretreatments for fat particles in slaughterhouse wastewater

Thermophilic anaerobic digestion offers an attractive alternative for the treatment of medium- and high-strength wastewaters. However, literature reports reveal that thermophilic wastewater treatment systems are often more sensitive to environmental changes than the well-defined high-rate reactors at the mesophilic temperature range. Also, in many cases a poorer effluent quality is experienced while the carry over of suspended solids in the effluent is relatively high. In this paper recent achievements are discussed regarding the process stability of thermophilic anaerobic wastewater treatment systems. Laboratory experiments reveal a relatively low sensitivity to temperature changes if high-rate reactors with immobilized biomass are used. Other results show that if a staged process is applied, thermophilic reactors can be operated for prolonged periods of time under extreme loading conditions (80-100 kg chemical oxygen demand.m-3.day-1), while the concentrations of volatile fatty acids in the effluent remain at a low level.

Limitations of thermophilic anaerobic wastewater treatment and the consequences for process design.

Development of High-Performance Thermophilic Two-Phase Digestion Process

The filter 1 of the present invention has at least two filter elements 2 contained in the casing 4, which are connected in series in such a state as interposing the first sealer 5 between them.

Filter and filter module

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To remove surely a fouling layer formed on a membrane surface without depending on chemical liquids by membrane filtration by peeling off the fouling layer from the membrane surface by drying and contracting. SOLUTION: After draining raw water and membrane filtered water from an inside of a casing 2, pressurized air is put in from a membrane filtered water taking out opening 4 on a secondary side, and retained water of a monolithic ceramic membrane element (CE) 1 is pushed out to the membrane surface. Air for drying is aerated downward from an upper opening 5 of the casing 2, and the CE1 is dried from a primary side. Though a fouling layer stuck to the membrane surface is contracted by drying, since the CE1 itself is not contracted, the fouling layer starts to be peeled off, an outlet temperature rises following advance of the drying, and the drying is stopped when it reaches the same temperature as an inlet temperature. The air for drying is aerated downward, the peeled dried material is put on an air flow to make exhaust easy, and an air density is increased by cooling going with drying to raise an drying efficiency. Thereby, the fouling layer can be removed without depending on washing by chemicals.

Removal of fouling layer formed on membrane surface

Colominic Acid Production from Escherichia coli in a Fed-Batch Culture under the Control of Ammonium Ions Using an FIA System

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a cleaning treatment method for manganese-containing water capable of certainly removing soluble manganese in raw water by a compact apparatus, having no possibility of clogging even when the turbidity of raw water rises and also extremely easy in maintenance such as operation control SOLUTION: Manganese-containing raw water is passed, while adding chlorine therein, through a filled bed 2 of catalyst particles of which the surfaces comprise manganese oxide as an ascending flow at a high linear velocity of 1,000-2,500 m/day to oxidize and insolubilize manganese This water passed through the filled bed is filtered by a separation membrane 3 to perfectly remove oxidized and insolubilized manganese The catalyst particles are preferably a manganese catalyst having a beta crystal structure having a surface area of 10-30 m /g

Cleaning treatment method for manganese-containing water

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