Nucleic acid-based cancer biomarkers (NABCBs) have emerged as a notable and continuously captivating research focal point within the domain of oncology. As a result, NABCBs have garnered sustained and steadfast attention from the realms of scientific inquiry and medical practice alike. This comprehensive review embarks on a systematic exploration, delving into the classifications, properties, and functions of NABCBs. Subsequently, it navigates the expanse of clinical applications, where NABCBs assume roles in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. This underscores their pivotal role in translating biomolecular signatures into tangible diagnostic tools. Moreover, an exploration into the strategies underpinning the development of NABCB-based biosensors, such as coordination, crosslinking, fluorescent labeling, and so on, was discussed in details. This segment accentuates the potential of NABCBs to underpin diagnostic and monitoring paradigms, thereby offering a cutting-edge technological foundation for the realization of real-time assessments of early cancer diagnosis and treatment efficacy. In addition, this review embarks on a thorough exploration of these challenges, contributing to an enriched comprehension of the existing status and limitations of NABCBs within the practical clinical milieu. This outlook underscores the call for continued and dedicated research endeavors, poised to forge the theoretical bedrock requisite for early cancer diagnosis, personalized therapeutic methodologies, and the vigilant monitoring of treatment outcomes. 

Recent advances of nucleic acid-based cancer biomarkers and biosensors

In this study, a reproductive switch DNA template was designed using aptasensing principles for the accurate quantification of aflatoxins. The template transformed the aflatoxin molecule into linear DNA of 102 nt. The linear DNA was subjected to a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to determine its initial copy number, which was positively correlated with the aflatoxin concentration. Using aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) as a model, the established method could quantify AFB1 within the range of 10-16-10-11 Mol/mL (detection limit equals 0.03 pg/mL), with a linear correlation coefficient R2 of 0.974. Good anti-interference abilities against common food ingredients and high specificity towards other mycotoxins were demonstrated. The established method was successfully applied for the quantification of AFB1 in complex foods such as soy sauce, milk, yellow wine, and peanut butter. The design of a reproductive switch template introduces a novel approach for the sensitive detection of small-molecule toxicants in foods. 

Sensitive detection of aflatoxin B1 in foods by aptasensing-based qPCR.

Menurut data World Health Organization (WHO) tahun 2020, jumlah kasus kanker mulut global mencapai lebih dari 377 ribu, dengan angka kematian mencapai lebih dari 177 ribu. Kanker mulut seringkali didiagnosis pada tahap lanjut karena gejalanya yang tidak spesifik. Kurangnya ketelitian dan tingkat pengetahuan dalam diagnosis, menyebabkan keterlambatan diagnosis. Alat deteksi dini, mampu mengoptimalkan diagnosis kanker mulut pada stadium awal. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membahas peran dan mekanisme nanobiosensor dalam sistem deteksi dini kanker mulut melalui berbagai metode.  Metode penelitian ini merupakan systematic review dengan pencarian research gap menggunakan strategi PICO di database PubMed, Google Scholar, dan Science Direct. Kanker mulut adalah jenis kanker yang terjadi pada saluran aerodigestif atas, melibatkan jenis tumor ganas, termasuk karsinoma dari epitel dan sarkoma. Nanobiosensor adalah sensor yang menggunakan elemen biologis sebagai komponen diagnostik dan elektroda sebagai transduser. Alat deteksi dini kanker mulut berbasis nanobiosensor mengikat antibodi pada droplet saliva berukuran nano. Biomarker Carcinoembryonic Antigen (CEA) dan Cytokeratin fragment 19 (CYFRA 21-1) dalam air liur memiliki konsentrasi yang lebih tinggi pada pasien kanker. Nanostruktur ZrO2 pada permukaan kaca akan berikatan dengan antibodi, menghasilkan respons arus. Ada berbagai metode yang dapat digunakan dalam sistem ini, seperti OFNASET, kromatografi kertas sederhana, Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), teknologi profil multi-analitik Luminex (xMAP), asai immunosorbent metal-linked (MeLISA), dan enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Kesimpulan: Alat deteksi dini kanker mulut berbasis nanobiosensor dengan pengenalan cancer biomarker dalam saliva merupakan sistem yang dapat diterapkan dalam tata laksana diagnosis kanker mulut dengan hasil akurat dan valid.

Potensi Nanobiosensor sebagai Basis Alat Deteksi Dini OSCC Melalui Pengenalan Saliva Cancer Biomarker Kanker Air Liur (CEA): Tinjauan Sistematis

Sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen using an environmental friendly yeast-biosensor

Oligonucleotide-mediated assembly of temperature-responsive gelatin hydrogels to enhance the pharmacodynamic efficacy of antibiotics

On-Bead DNA Synthesis Triggered by Allosteric Probe for Sensitive Detection of Protein Biomarker

Identity and Student Engagement with AWE Feedback: A Case Study

Volatiles-Induced Environmental Ph Shifts Mediate Interspecific Bacterial Interactions Over Long-Distance

Sensitive quantification of protein biomarkers is highly desired for clinical diagnosis and treatment. Yet, unlike DNA/RNA which can be greatly amplified by PCR/RT-PCR, the amplification and detection of trace amount of proteins remain a great challenge. Here, we combined allosteric probe (AP) with magnetic bead (MB) for assembling an on-bead DNA synthesis system (named as APMB) to amplify protein signals. The AP is designed and conjugated onto the MB, enabling the protein biomarker to be separated and enriched. Once recognizing the biomarker, the AP alters its conformation to initiate DNA synthesis on beads for primary signal amplification. During the DNA synthesis, biotin-dATPs are incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA strands. Then, the biotin-labeled DNA specifically captures streptavidin (STR)-conjugated horseradish peroxidase (HRP), which is used to catalyze a colorimetric reaction for secondary signal amplification. By using carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) as a protein model, the APMB can quantify protein biomarkers of as low as 0.01 ng/mL. The response values measured by APMB are linearly related to the protein concentrations in the range 0.05 to 20 ng/mL. Clinical examination demonstrated good practicability of the APMB in quantifying serum protein biomarker. The on-bead DNA synthesis could be exploited to improve protein signal amplification, thus facilitating protein biomarker detection of low abundance for early diagnosis. 

https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00604-022-05404-4.pdf

On-bead DNA synthesis triggered by allosteric probe for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen

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On-Bead DNA Synthesis Triggered by Allosteric Probe for Sensitive Detection of Protein Biomarker

Identity and Student Engagement with AWE Feedback: A Case Study

Volatiles-Induced Environmental Ph Shifts Mediate Interspecific Bacterial Interactions Over Long-Distance

On-bead DNA synthesis triggered by allosteric probe for detection of carcinoembryonic antigen