Advances in the characterization of supported lipid films with the atomic force microscope.

Lipid membranes can spontaneously organize their components into domains of different sizes and properties. The organization of membrane lipids into nanodomains might potentially play a role in vital functions of cells and organisms. Model membranes represent attractive systems to study lipid nanodomains, which cannot be directly addressed in living cells with the currently available methods. This review summarizes the knowledge on lipid nanodomains in model membranes and exposes how their specific character contrasts with large-scale phase separation. The overview on lipid nanodomains in membranes composed of diverse lipids (e.g., zwitterionic and anionic glycerophospholipids, ceramides, glycosphingolipids) and cholesterol aims to evidence the impact of chemical, electrostatic, and geometric properties of lipids on nanodomain formation. Furthermore, the effects of curvature, asymmetry, and ions on membrane nanodomains are shown to be highly relevant aspects that may also modulate lipid nanodomains in cel...

Membrane Lipid Nanodomains.

Nanoscale analysis of supported lipid bilayers using atomic force microscopy.

Several cell surface eukaryotic proteins have a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) modification at the C-terminal end that serves as an anchor to the plasma membrane and could be responsible for the presence of GPI proteins in rafts, a type of functionally important membrane microdomain enriched in sphingolipids and cholesterol In order to understand better how GPI proteins partition into rafts, the insertion of the GPI-anchored alkaline phosphatase (AP) was studied in real-time using atomic force microscopy Supported phospholipid bilayers made of a mixture of sphingomyelin-dioleoylphosphatidylcholine containing cholesterol (Chl+) or not (Chl-) were used to mimic the fluid-ordered lipid phase separation in biological membranes Spontaneous insertion of AP through its GPI anchor was observed inside both Chl+ and Chl- lipid ordered domains, but AP insertion was markedly increased by the presence of cholesterol

/pdf/spontaneous-insertion-and-partitioning-of-alkaline-27vwbc8rs2.pdf

Spontaneous insertion and partitioning of alkaline phosphatase into model lipid rafts

Surface topography of membrane domains.

The distribution of the ganglioside GM1, at low concentrations, in phase-separated 1:1 dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine (DOPC)/dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) Langmuir−Blodgett (LB) films transfe...

Distribution of Ganglioside GM1 between Two-Component, Two-Phase Phosphatidylcholine Monolayers

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Distribution of Ganglioside GM1 between Two-Component, Two-Phase Phosphatidylcholine Monolayers