The structure of cellulose microfibrils in wood is not known in detail, despite the abundance of cellulose in woody biomass and its importance for biology, energy, and engineering. The structure of the microfibrils of spruce wood cellulose was investigated using a range of spectroscopic methods coupled to small-angle neutron and wide-angle X-ray scattering. The scattering data were consistent with 24-chain microfibrils and favored a “rectangular” model with both hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces exposed. Disorder in chain packing and hydrogen bonding was shown to increase outwards from the microfibril center. The extent of disorder blurred the distinction between the I alpha and I beta allomorphs. Chains at the surface were distinct in conformation, with high levels of conformational disorder at C-6, less intramolecular hydrogen bonding and more outward-directed hydrogen bonding. Axial disorder could be explained in terms of twisting of the microfibrils, with implications for their biosynthesis.

https://www.pnas.org/content/pnas/108/47/E1195.full.pdf

Nanostructure of cellulose microfibrils in spruce wood

http://bioforcenano.com/wp-content/uploads/ProCleaner-Papers/Neutron_reflectometry_and_QCM-D_study_of_the_interaction_of_cellulases_with_films_of_amorphous_cellulose.pdf

Neutron reflectometry and QCM-D study of the interaction of cellulases with films of amorphous cellulose.

Small angle X-ray scattering studies on lyocell cellulosic fibres: the effects of drying, re-wetting and changing coagulation temperature

Tencel is a cellulosic fabric obtained from wood pulp that is very similar to natural cotton. For its potential performances to be expanded, Tencel needs to be processed in different ways. The ability of cyclodextrins to include hydrophobic molecules, such as fragrances, antimicrobial agents, and other chemicals, can be exploited to produce new grafted textiles with peculiar performances. We report studies on the grafting of acrylamidomethylated β-cyclodextrin and monochlorotriazinyl-β-cyclodextrin to Tencel and on the inclusion of different molecules in the free cavities of cyclodextrins. The physicochemical properties and performances of the untreated and treated fabric have been determined with differential scanning calorimetry, ultraviolet–visible spectra, X-ray diffractometry, and breaking load loss, aroma, and antimicrobial finishing tests. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 88: 706–715, 2003

Surface treatments on Tencel fabric: Grafting with β‐cyclodextrin

The splitting tendency of lyocell fiber in aqueous alkali solutions like KOH, NaOH, LiOH and TMAH was investigated. Up to 5 M concentration of alkali solutions, cation type is important on splitting of lyocell. Above 5 M concentration, cation type is no more relevant to splitting of lyocell. At 1 M of alkali solutions, alkali retention value (ARV) and split number increase in the order of KOH<LiOH<NaOH<TMAH. It was proposed that lyocell is swollen homogeneously inside fiber above 5 M alkali concentration, so that when force is applied on fiber, no split occurs in lyocell fiber since there isn’t enough internal stress inside of the fiber. Different concentrations of each type of alkali result in the same ARV for the fiber, but their alkali distribution inside fiber is the decisive point for splitting of lyocell fiber, so that for each alkali type different split numbers are observed. Depending on alkali concentration and alkali type, maximum splitting of a fiber into 15–20 fibrils could be observed.

Splitting tendency of cellulosic fibers. Part 2: Effects of fiber swelling in alkali solutions

The hydration of TENCEL® cellulose fibres studied using contrast variation in small angle neutron scattering

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The hydration of TENCEL® cellulose fibres studied using contrast variation in small angle neutron scattering