Are females who inject drugs at higher risk for HIV infection than males who inject drugs: an international systematic review of high seroprevalence areas.

Objective:To investigate the incidence rates of HIV, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and hepatitis B virus (HBV) among injection drug users (IDU) in a drug trafficking city in southwest China.Design:A prospective cohort study.Methods:A cohort of 333 HIV-seronegative IDU was followed for 36 months from Nove

Incidence of HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses among injection drug users in southwestern China: a 3-year follow-up study.

Objectives (1) To assess the HIV incidence rate among men who have sex with men (MSM) in a large cohort study in Beijing, China and (2) to identify sociodemographic and behavioural risk factors of HIV seroconversion among MSM in Beijing, China. Design A prospective cohort study. Setting Baseline and follow-up visits were conducted among MSM in Beijing, China. Participants A cohort of 797 HIV-seronegative MSM was recruited from August to December 2009, with follow-up occurring after 6 and 12 months. Primary and secondary outcome measures At baseline and follow-up visits, participants reported sociodemographic and sexual behaviour information, and were tested for HIV, herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) and syphilis with whole blood specimens. Cox regression analysis was used to identify factors associated with HIV seroconversion. Results Most study participants (86.8%) were retained by the 12-month follow-up. The HIV, HSV-2 and syphilis incidence rates were 8.09 (95% CI 6.92 to 9.26), 5.92 (95% CI 5.44 to 6.40) and 8.06 (95% CI 7.56 to 8.56) cases per 100 person-years, respectively. HIV seroconversion was significantly associated with being 1 male sex partner in the past 6 months, and being syphilis positive or HSV-2 positive. Conclusions The HIV incidence among MSM in Beijing is serious. Interventions and treatment of sexually transmitted diseases (STD) should be combined with HIV control and prevention measures among MSM.

https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/bmjopen/2/6/e001829.full.pdf

HIV incidence among men who have sex with men in Beijing: a prospective cohort study

Aims To assess systematically the risk of HIV acquisition by type of drug injected across different settings. Methods A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Databases were searched for studies of HIV incidence in people who inject different drugs (PWID). Pooled HIV incidence rate ratio (IRR) was used to compare HIV risk between injecting and not-injecting a given drug, when possible, or otherwise with those reported not to have injected the substance. Pooled estimates of crude IRR were derived using random-effects models. Variations in IRR were assessed in subgroup analyses, by drug and geographical region. Results Of 5779 studies screened, 15 were included. HIV incidence was reported for people injecting cocaine (eight: North America, Europe), amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) (four: Western and Eastern Europe, Asia), heroin (11: all settings), opiate-stimulants (four: North America, Western and Eastern Europe) and opiates-sedatives (five: Europe, Asia). HIV risk in cocaine injectors was 3.6 times 95% confidence interval (CI) = 2.8-4.7, I(2) = 0%; n = 4) that of non-injectors and 3.0 for ATS injectors (95% CI = 2.2-4.1, I(2) = 0%; n = 2). Higher sexual risk was reported in cohorts injecting stimulants. Compared to not-injecting, HIV IRR was 2.8 (95% CI = 1.7-4.7, I(2) = 77%; n=6) for all heroin injectors and 3.5 (95% CI = 2.3-5.2, I(2) = 40%; n=5) for heroin injectors in Asia and Europe. Conclusion The risk of HIV acquisition in people who inject drugs appears to vary by drug type but differences are not statistically significant, precluding conclusive grading of risk.

Influence of different drugs on HIV risk in people who inject: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background
China has 76.2 million high school and college students, in which the number of reported HIV/AIDS cases is increasing rapidly. Most of these cases are attributed to male-to-male sexual contact. Few studies have explored HIV prevalence and behavioural characteristics of Chinese male students who have sex with men (MSM).

/pdf/a-cross-sectional-study-of-hiv-and-syphilis-infections-among-43dhqmo757.pdf

A cross-sectional study of HIV and syphilis infections among male students who have sex with men (MSM) in northeast China: implications for implementing HIV screening and intervention programs

HIV incidence, retention rate, and baseline predictors of HIV incidence and retention in a prospective cohort study of injection drug users in Xinjiang, China

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HIV incidence, retention rate, and baseline predictors of HIV incidence and retention in a prospective cohort study of injection drug users in Xinjiang, China