Spectroscopy is the study of matter interacting with electromagnetic radiation (e.g., light). The electromagnetic spectrum in Figure 1 illustrates the many different types of electromagnetic radiation, including gamma rays (γ-rays), X-rays, ultraviolet (UV) radiation, visible light, infrared (IR) radiation, microwaves, and radio waves. The frequency (ν) and wavelength (λ) ranges associated with each form of radiant energy are also indicated in Figure 1.

Introduction to Spectroscopy

Review of methods for enhancing interlaminar mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced thermoplastic composites: Interfacial modification, nano-filling and forming technology

Recent advances in tailoring and improving the properties of polyimide aerogels and their application.

This review summarizes the recent advancements in the mechanical properties of fiber-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites reinforced with graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Different synthesis methods for incorporating graphene and CNTs into the FRP structure are reviewed and discussed. The enhancement of graphene and CNTs on the improvement of the interfacial shear strength (IFSS), interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT), tensile strength, tensile modulus, flexural strength, flexural modulus, impact resistance and fatigue characteristics of FRP composites is emphatically reviewed, especially the discussion of various performance related reinforcement mechanisms. These enhancement mechanisms are a complex project, in which the key is the interface problem between fiber and matrix caused by graphene and CNTs. This review provides an in-depth review of the improvement of each mechanical property due to the modification of interfacial properties between fibers and a nanofiller-reinforced matrix. In the selected representative papers, the addition process and strengthening mechanism of CNTs and graphene are reviewed in detail, and four enhancement mechanisms and synergistic effects are analyzed, including wettability, mechanical interlocking, chemical bonding and transition layer. Aiming at the improvement of ILFT of composite laminates, various nano strengthening strategies caused by graphene and CNTs and the toughening principle to prevent delamination failure are discussed in detail. The modeling and analysis tools for mechanical properties of graphene and carbon nanotube reinforced composites, including molecular dynamics method, finite element method and multi-scale modeling method, are reviewed. Finally, some problems in the enhancement mechanism of graphene and carbon nanotubes are discussed. 

Research progress on enhancement mechanism and mechanical properties of FRP composites reinforced with graphene and carbon nanotubes

Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites with marked comprehensive properties, such as lightweight, high specific strength, and stiffness, have attracted riveting attention in recent years owing to their wider applications in aerospace, military, wind power apparatus, vehicle industries, and other advanced civil products. However, the poor interfacial compatibility between carbon fibers (CFs) and polymer matrix and immature processing technologies leads to many defects and deficiencies, which seriously restrict the development of CFRF composites. Hence, a variety of physical or chemical treatment methods as well as processing technologies have been developed to enhance the final macroscopic mechanical properties of CFRP composites by improving the surface wettability of CFs and reducing the friction coefficient. In this review, the recent advances in various surface modification methods of CFs and interface enhancement mechanisms with an emphasis on the interfacial behavior of CFRP composites are comprehensively summarized. Low-damage processing technologies are also discussed and the future trends of CFRP composites have been prospected. It is hoped that this review will provide new ideas and insight for future research and facilitate the industrialization development level for higher-performance CFRP composites. 

Mechanical Enhancement of Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers: From Interfacial Regulating Strategies to Advanced Processing Technologies

Ultralight and heat-insulating mesoporous polyimide aerogels cross-linked with aminated SiO2 nanoparticles

Effects of polyetherimide sizing involving carbon nanotubes on interfacial performance of carbon fiber/polyetheretherketone composites

Physicochemical, surface, and mechanical properties of three batches of T800 grade carbon fibers (CFs) treated with three kinds of sizing agents and Toray T800H CFs were characterized to study the effect of sizing agents on surface properties. Scanning electron microscopy for morphology, atomic force microscopy calculations, and results for the content of sizing agents showed that sizing agent B improved the surface roughness and CFs with high content of sizing agent always presented small surface roughness in a certain content range 1.2-1.6%. Surface energy of CFs was calculated by Young's contact angle using the test results with water and glycol, and contact angles with LY-1 and modified-AC531 were also acquired. The results proved that CFs of sizing agent group B had the highest average surface energy and the lowest average contact angles with both LY-1 and modified-AC531. From both single-filament and tensile strength test results, the average strength of CFs of sizing agent group B was found to be the lowest, which indicated that sizing agent B had an influence on tensile strength decrease of T800 grade CFs. Comparing the results of interfacial shear strength both in a natural dry state and after hygrothermal treatment, high surface energy was found to be the key element to obtain high interfacial adhesion between T800 grade CFs and bismaleimide, and high surface roughness and low contact angle also played important roles. Among sizing agents A, B, and C, A had an effect on the interfacial shear strength decrease of CFs in the natural dry state, while C had that after hygrothermal treatment.

Effect of Sizing Agents on Surface Properties of Carbon Fibers and Interfacial Adhesion of Carbon Fiber/Bismaleimide Composites.

In order to improve the interfacial adhesion of stainless-steel mesh reinforced poly(ether-ether-ketone) (SSM/PEEK) heating elements (HEs) used in the resistance welding process for continuous carb...

Enhanced adhesion between PEEK and stainless-steel mesh in resistance welding of CF/PEEK composites by various surface treatments:

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Ultralight and heat-insulating mesoporous polyimide aerogels cross-linked with aminated SiO2 nanoparticles

Effects of polyetherimide sizing involving carbon nanotubes on interfacial performance of carbon fiber/polyetheretherketone composites

Effect of Sizing Agents on Surface Properties of Carbon Fibers and Interfacial Adhesion of Carbon Fiber/Bismaleimide Composites.

Enhanced adhesion between PEEK and stainless-steel mesh in resistance welding of CF/PEEK composites by various surface treatments: