This article documents the history of black mortality between 1850 and 1940 and begins the process of placing that history into the context of the more general history of mortality decline in the United States. One aspect of this process has been to discuss the trends in mortality among blacks and whites living in the same general geographic areas--for example, comparing southern rural blacks with southern rural whites. A second part has been to relate black mortality to many of the factors that have been discussed as determinants of general mortality trends--such as water and sanitation, the urban disadvantage in mortality, and child care and feeding practices. During the second half of the nineteenth century, black mortality declined only slightly or not at all. Between 1850 and 1880 there may have been some decline in child mortality, but the trends in adult mortality are indeterminate. Between 1880 and 1900 both child and adult mortality rates were constant. Sometime between 1900 and 1910 mortality rates among blacks began to decline at all ages, especially in urban areas. During the first four decades of this century mortality rates among American blacks declined substantially. Expectation of life at birth increased from about 35 years to about 54 years, which represents a significant improvement in health and living standards. The life expectancy among blacks in 1940, however, was still two years below the value for whites in the death registration area in 1920. (This may exaggerate the difference slightly since the mortality rates for 1919 and 1920 were artificially low following the pandemic of influenza in 1918. In addition, the mortality rates in the DRA may not have been representative of the whole white population.) Throughout the period studied, blacks had substantially higher mortality rates than whites living in the same area. Although the amount of excessive mortality among blacks differed from place to place and period to period, we did not find a single area or time when black mortality rates were close to those of whites. The examination of causes of death among whites and blacks in 1920 showed that racial differences in the amount of tuberculosis explained a substantial part of the mortality differences in New York and North Carolina, but blacks probably had excessive mortality due to all causes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

History of black mortality and health before 1940.

There is very little evidence of research in the receptive dimension of phonological interlanguage - how non-native speakers manifest their competence in processing phonological input. A simple, but effective, experiment is described in this paper in which the receptive interlanguage phonological competence of non-native speakers is investigated. The target is British English vowel and consonant phonology for twenty Korean adults in higher education in UK. Their data indicates the major difficulties they display in perceiving British English consonants and vowels, as opposed to - and contrasted with - producing them. This article discusses the paucity of receptive phonological data, presents a methodology which includes a contrastive phonological analysis, exploits a parallel study in productive phonological interlanguage and produces a comprehensive analysis of the subjects' misperceptions (and their mispronunciations). It also speculates on the strategies they used when their interlanguage phonology proved inadequate. Finally, individual and group phonological profiles are provided, against which published pronunciation materials are measured - and shown to be inadequate in many cases. The study shows the importance of an adequate phonological competence and the importance of adequately designed teaching materials.

Non-native speakers' misperceptions of English vowels and consonants: Evidence from Korean adults in UK

Promoting better environmental outcomes

"How The Nanny has become La Tata": analysis of an audiovisual translation product

Suggested in this work is a set of activities for learners of English as a foreign language developed with a special focus on suprasegmentals of connected speech such as rhythm, stress patterning, weak forms, linking, assimilation and elision of sounds It is designed to meet the needs of teachers of English working with groups of adult and young adult learners whose native language is syllable-timed Language Rhythm Oral Language Pronunciation Pronunciation Instruction Class Activities Classroom Techniques Resource Materials

/pdf/listen-to-the-beat-activities-for-english-pronunciation-3lvwfd0i7l.pdf

Listen to the beat: Activities for English pronunciation

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