物件導向軟體之架構(Object-Oriented Software Construction)探討

A reference architecture describes core elements of the software architecture for systems that stem from the same domain. A reference architecture ensures interoperability of systems through standardization. It also facilitates the instantiation of new concrete architectures. However, we currently lack procedures for systematically designing reference architectures that are empirically-grounded. Being empirically-grounded would increase the validity and reusability of a reference architecture. We therefore present an approach which helps systematically design reference architectures. Our approach consists of six steps performed by the software architect and domain experts. It helps design reference architectures either from scratch, or based on existing architecture artifacts. We also illustrate how our approach could be applied to the design of two existing reference architectures found in literature.

/pdf/empirically-grounded-reference-architectures-a-proposal-2kjuwvivde.pdf

Empirically-grounded reference architectures: a proposal

Configurable process models integrate different variants of a business process into a single model. Through configuration users of such models can then combine the variants to derive a process model optimally fitting their individual needs. While techniques for such models were suggested in previous research, this paper presents a case study in which these techniques were extensively tested on a real-world scenario. We gathered information from four Dutch municipalities on registration processes executed on a daily basis. For each process we identified variations among municipalities and integrated them into a single, configurable process model, which can be executed in the YAWL workflow environment. We then evaluated the approach through interviews with organizations that support municipalities in organizing and executing their processes. The paper reports on both the feedback of the interviewed partners and our own observations during the model creation.

/pdf/configurable-process-models-experiences-from-a-municipality-2zqq4td0sj.pdf

Configurable Process Models: Experiences from a Municipality Case Study

Business process models and workow systems aim at guaranteeing efficient and reliable executions of business processes. For this, they require detailed specifications of the individual steps that need to be taken during the process execution. As defining such process definitions from scratch requires good knowledge of both the domain of the process as well as the process modeling technique, process modeling is often cumbersome and prone to errors that inhibit sound process executions. For that reason, many providers of process modeling software as well as process consultants offer so-called reference process models or template repositories. These repositories provide established process specifications for both general as well as industry specific processes, from travel approvals to invoice verifications. Still, even for such common processes, execution variations exist among organizations. Hence, organizations have to adapt the templates manually to individual requirements. The process modeling skills required for these adaptations are equal to the skills required for modeling from scratch. This PhD thesis suggests reducing the need for manual process model adaptations by integrating variations among different process executions into a single process model | a configurable process model. In the configurable model, process configuration allows inhibiting executing any undesired tasks. In this way, a process model providing exactly the behavior desired by an organization can be derived without manual process modeling efforts. For defining configurable process models, the thesis first provides a formal specification of process model configuration by analyzing how behavior is added to process models and defining process configuration as the inverse. In this way, blocking and hiding of behavior, originally defined as concepts to discover inheritance relations among dynamic behavior, are identified as the two techniques to restrict behavior of configurable process models. The practical feasibility of the suggested approach is demonstrated through depicting how process configuration can be added to the process modeling languages of existing workow systems, namely SAP WebFlow, BPEL, and YAWL. An actual implementation is provided for YAWL. It even allows configuring the process model through natural language questions by mapping the various configuration options to pre-defined answers in a questionnaire. The framework has been tested in a case study where configurable process models were developed for registration processes executed in municipalities like the registration of a newborn child or a marriage. The developed models thus allow deriving a configured, individual process variant by simply answering a questionnaire on desired and undesired options of the process. The resulting model variant is directly executable in the YAWL system environment. The models and the overall approach have afterwards also been evaluated through interviews with various stakeholders in the process configuration lifecycle. Two main challenges arise for defining and using configurable process models: On the one hand, the creation of a process model integrating various process variants obviously requires far more work than building a process model covering only one of these variants. For that reason, the thesis suggests a set of process mining techniques, which can help in the construction of a configurable process model, e.g. by merging individual process models. On the other hand, process configuration allows restricting the process behavior depicted in the configurable process model further than desired, up to the point that the process is not executable anymore. This is addressed through discussing a range of constraints on the process model configuration that are able to guarantee sound processes.

/pdf/configurable-process-models-52ek7icmjz.pdf

Configurable process models

Business process management is one of the most widely discussed topics in information systems research As process models advance in both complexity and maturity, reference models, serving as reusable blueprints for the development of individual models, gain more and more importance Only a few business domains have access to commonly accepted reference models, so there is a widespread need for the development of new ones This article describes a new inductive approach for the development of reference models, based on existing individual models from the respective domain It employs a graph-based paradigm, exploiting the underlying graph structures of process models by identifying frequent common subgraphs of the individual models, analyzing their order relations, and merging them into a new model This newly developed approach is outlined and evaluated in this contribution It is applied in three different case studies and compared to other approaches to the inductive development of reference models in order to highlight its characteristics as well as assets and drawbacks

A graph-theoretic method for the inductive development of reference process models

The Model Driven Architecture (MDA) describes software development based on models on different levels of abstraction. The development process is outlined as a sequence of model transformations which add specific details to the software models with each subsequent step. The OMG MDA guide refers to the computation independent model (CIM) as the highest level of abstraction. It can therefore be considered as the designated means for analysis in MDA software development projects. However, this model type is disregarded by most MDA methodologies and tools, which start their transformation process on the level of platform independent software models (PIM). This paper investigates the role and nature of the CIM, especially focussing on development processes for management information systems. We argue that an automatic translation from CIM to PIM is theoretically not feasible. To provide evidence for our claim, we evaluate existing transformational approaches that address the transition from models as real world perceptions to software designs. Lastly, w e support our arguments by extending the traditional software development view by decision theory aspects during the design phase.

https://aisel.aisnet.org/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2017&context=amcis2006

On the Transition from Computation Independent to Platform Independent Models

This paper introduces a tailored procedure model to construct reference models by using rich empirical data. The procedure model has been built based on requirements from the public administration domain and has been applied in two case studies. Public administrations are currently confronted with the challenge of demands for an increased service level and an efficient handling of requests from citizens and companies. Therefore, there is a strong need to identify common and best practices for business processes. This knowledge is crucial in order to guide reorganisation efforts. Reference models have been established as an important mean to document process knowledge that applies to more than one organisation. To empirically acquire process knowledge in public administrations we propose a tailored procedure model and exemplify its application.

Empirical-Based Construction of Reference Models in Public Administrations

Creativity-intensive processes such as the development of marketing campaigns or the production of visual effects increasingly find their way into the agenda of process managers. Such processes often comprise of both well-structured, transactional parts and creative parts that often cannot be specified in terms of their process flow, required resources, and outcome. Moreover, the processes’ high variability sets boundaries for the possible degree of automation. In this paper we introduce the concept of pockets of creativity as an analytic device which is hoped to support process managers in their efforts to identify and describe creative sections in business processes. We argue that this step of identifying and describing is imperative to successfully allocate resources, integrate creativity into the overall process, and introduce process automation for those parts that are well-structured and can actually be automated. Our argument rests in the examination of existent literature as well as in findings from exploratory case studies that were conducted in the film and visual effects industry in order to study processes that rely on creativity.

Toward the concept of pockets of creativity in business processes

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird ein Metamodellierungswerkzeug vorgestellt, das in der Literatur vielfach geforderte Funktionalitaten aus den Bereichen des Method Engineering sowie des Modell-Variantenmanagements umsetzt. Aufbauend auf konzeptionellen Uberlegungen wird ein Werkzeug konstruiert, das die flexible Spezifikation von beliebigen, untereinander integrierten Modellierungssprachen ermoglicht. Die Anwendung der Sprachen im Rahmen der Modellerstellung wird durch ein redundanzfreies Variantenmanagement auf Sprachund Modellebene flexibilisiert. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschreibt die Herleitung des Fachkonzepts, sowie die Architektur der entwickelten Software und zeigt deren Funktionsweise exemplarisch.

/pdf/ein-konfiguratives-metamodellierungswerkzeug-1w308a3m1i.pdf

Ein Konfiguratives Metamodellierungswerkzeug.

E-Inclusion: Digitale Integration durch E-Government. Studie im Auftrag des Bundesministeriums des Inneren

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