The stationary life of plants has led to the evolution of a complex gridded antioxidant defence system constituting numerous enzymatic components, playing a crucial role in overcoming various stress conditions. Mainly, these plant enzymes are superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), glutathione peroxidase (GPX), glutathione reductase (GR), glutathione S-transferases (GST), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), which work as part of the antioxidant defence system. These enzymes together form a complex set of mechanisms to minimise, buffer, and scavenge the reactive oxygen species (ROS) efficiently. The present review is aimed at articulating the current understanding of each of these enzymatic components, with special attention on the role of each enzyme in response to the various environmental, especially abiotic stresses, their molecular characterisation, and reaction mechanisms. The role of the enzymatic defence system for plant health and development, their significance, and cross-talk mechanisms are discussed in detail. Additionally, the application of antioxidant enzymes in developing stress-tolerant transgenic plants are also discussed.

https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/10/4/267/pdf

Recent Developments in Enzymatic Antioxidant Defence Mechanism in Plants with Special Reference to Abiotic Stress

Genome-wide characterization and functional analysis of class III peroxidase gene family in soybean reveal regulatory roles of GsPOD40 in drought tolerance

The class III peroxidases (PODs) catalyze the oxidation of several substrates coupled to the reduction of H2O2 to water, and play important roles in diverse plant processes. The POD family members have been well-studied in several plant species, but little information is available on sweet pepper fruit physiology. Based on the existing pepper genome, a total of 75 CaPOD genes have been identified, but only 10 genes were found in the fruit transcriptome (RNA-Seq). The time-course expression analysis of these genes showed that two were upregulated during fruit ripening, seven were downregulated, and one gene was unaffected. Furthermore, nitric oxide (NO) treatment triggered the upregulation of two CaPOD genes whereas the others were unaffected. Non-denaturing PAGE and in-gel activity staining allowed identifying four CaPOD isozymes (CaPOD I-CaPOD IV) which were differentially modulated during ripening and by NO. In vitro analyses of green fruit samples with peroxynitrite, NO donors, and reducing agents triggered about 100% inhibition of CaPOD IV. These data support the modulation of POD at gene and activity levels, which is in agreement with the nitro-oxidative metabolism of pepper fruit during ripening, and suggest that POD IV is a target for nitration and reducing events that lead to its inhibition.

Class III Peroxidases (POD) in Pepper (Capsicum annuum L.): Genome-Wide Identification and Regulation during Nitric Oxide (NO)-Influenced Fruit Ripening

Comparative transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses provide insights into the responses to NaCl and Cd stress in Tamarix hispida.

Class III peroxidases (PODs) are plant-specific enzymes that play significant roles in plant physiological processes and stress responses. However, a comprehensive analysis of the POD gene family in tobacco has not yet been conducted. In this study, 210 non-redundant POD gene members (NtPODs) were identified in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) and distributed unevenly throughout 24 tobacco chromosomes. Phylogenetic analysis clustered these genes into six subgroups (I-VI). Gene structure and motif analyses showed the structural and functional diversity among the subgroups. Segmental duplication and purifying selection were the main factors affecting NtPOD gene evolution. Our analyses also suggested that NtPODs might be regulated by miRNAs and cis-acting regulatory elements of transcription factors that are involved in various biological processes. In addition, the expression patterns in different tissues and under various stress treatments were investigated. The results showed that the majority of NtPODs had tissue-specific expression patterns and may be involved in many biotic and abiotic responses. qRT-PCR analyses of different tissues and stress treatments were performed to verify transcriptome patterns. Expression of a green fluorescent protein-NtPOD fusion confirmed the plasma membrane localization of NtPOD121 and NtPOD4. Furthermore, 3D structures provided evidences of membrane-bound peroxidase. These findings provide useful information to better understand the evolution of the NtPOD gene family and lay the foundation for further studies on POD gene function in tobacco.

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of the Class III Peroxidase Gene Family in Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)

The class III peroxidases (PODs) are involved in a broad range of physiological activities, such as the formation of lignin, cell wall components, defense against pathogenicity or herbivore, and abiotic stress tolerance The POD family members have been well-studied and characterized by bioinformatics analysis in several plant species, but no previous genome-wide analysis has been carried out of this gene family in grapevine to date We comprehensively identified 47 PODs in the grapevine genome and are further classified into 7 subgroups based on their phylogenetic analysis Results of motif composition and gene structure organization analysis revealed that PODs in the same subgroup shared similar conjunction while the protein sequences were highly conserved Intriguingly, the integrated analysis of chromosomal mapping and gene collinearity analysis proposed that both dispersed and tandem duplication events contributed to the expansion of PODs in grapevine Also, the gene duplication analysis suggested that most of the genes (20) were dispersed followed by (15) tandem, (9) segmental or whole-genome duplication, and (3) proximal, respectively The evolutionary analysis of PODs, such as Ka/Ks ratio of the 15 duplicated gene pairs were less than 100, indicated that most of the gene pairs exhibiting purifying selection and 7 pairs underwent positive selection with value greater than 100 The Gene Ontology Enrichment (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes Genomics (KEGG) analysis, and cis-elements prediction also revealed the positive functions of PODs in plant growth and developmental activities, and response to stress stimuli Further, based on the publically available RNA-sequence data, the expression patterns of PODs in tissue-specific response during several developmental stages revealed diverged expression patterns Subsequently, 30 genes were selected for RT-PCR validation in response to (NaCl, drought, and ABA), which showed their critical role in grapevine In conclusion, we predict that these results will lead to novel insights regarding genetic improvement of grapevine

/pdf/genome-wide-identification-of-the-class-iii-pod-gene-family-1yn6bupdyv.pdf

Genome-wide identification of the class III POD gene family and their expression profiling in grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L)

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Genome-wide identification of the class III POD gene family and their expression profiling in grapevine ( Vitis vinifera L)