Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is the most expensive spice of the world, and it is one of the 85 members of the genus Crocus. It is native of Asia Minor, and it is cultivated in Mediterranean countries. Saffron predominantly contains certain chemical constituents that are responsible for imparting colour, flavour, and aroma. Some of its components have cytotoxic, anti-carcinogenic and anti-tumor properties. Since, saffron is a triploid (2n = 3x = 24) plant and fails to produce seed upon selfing or crossing, so it is propagated through corms. The growing area for saffron is not extensive, although its demand in the international market is increasing. Research activities have been initiated to develop new production technologies of this spice in many countries. Saffron grows best in friable, loose, low-density, well-watered, and well-drained clay calcareous soils. Besides, climate and soil, planting time, seed/corm rate, planting depth, corm size/weight, crop density, nutrient management, weed management, grow...

State of Art of Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) Agronomy: A Comprehensive Review

The effect of different additives (sodium acetate, serine, glycine, PVP and activated charcoal) on stigma-likestructure (SLS) induction frequency and crocin production from floral organs of Crocus sativus L. was studied. Sodium acetate, a potential precursor of crocin biosynthesis, increased induction frequency of petal-originated SLS from 16.0 to 32.7%. Moreover, crocin content in SLS induced on medium supplemented with sodium acetate was increased to 6.00% from 2.21%. PVP prevented browning of explants and slightly increased induction frequency of SLS from petals. The crocin content of SLS was also increased to 5.22% by adding PVP. Although activated charcoal could efficiently reduce browning of explants, dedifferentiation of all explants was inhibited. No obvious stimulation effect had been observed with the addition of serine and glycine.

Increased crocin production and induction frequency of stigma-like-structure from floral organs of Crocus sativus L. by precursor feeding

Studies were conducted to optimize the in vitro production of stigma-like-structures (SLS) that yielded the important biochemical constituents responsible for the color, taste, and aroma naturally found in the stigmas of autumn crocus. Immature half-ovary explants were evaluated for the frequency of proliferation of SLS by culture on five basal media supplemented with different combinations of plant growth regulators and vitamins. The optimum proliferation of SLS was observed on B5 basal medium containing α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) (5.4 µM), N6-benzyladenine (BA) (44.4 µM), MS organics, casein hydrolysate (0.05%), and l-alanine (11.2 µM) 50–60 d after inoculation. Some explants formed other structures (roots, corms, petals, leaves), the growth and development of which substantially reduced the development of SLS. Removal of brown tissues and other tissues during subculture (3-wk intervals) allowed continuous culture of halfovary explants for 9–10 mo. SLS that had deep red pigment and reached more than 0.5 cm length were removed from the explants and with concomitant reculturing of the ovaries, enabled SLS to be harvested three times. Activated charcoal (1%) added to B5 basal containing NAA (5.4 µM), BA (44.4 µM), and sucrose (3%) was found to be a helpful addendum to prevent browning of explants and accelerate the initiation, growth, and development of SLS. The amounts of crocin, crocetin glucosyl esters, picrocrocin, and safranal in SLS, as determined by high performance liquid chromatography analysis, were found similar to those in natural saffron.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/4293229.pdf

Optimization of in vitro conditions for stigma-like-structure production from half-ovary explants of Crocus sativus L

Disclosed are compositions and methods of their use that include an effective amount of Silybum marianum extract and either one of or both of Momordica grosvenori fruit extract or Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae extract.

Multi-purpose cosmetic compositions

The invention describes nucleic acid molecules encoding cytochrome P450-type proteins involved in the brassionosteroid synthesis in plants, transgenic plant cells and plants containing such nucleic acid molecules as well as processes for the identification of other proteins involved in brassinosteroid synthesis and processes for the identification of substances acting as brassinosteroids or as brassinosteroid inhibitors in plants.

Nucleic acid molecules encoding cytochrome p450-type proteins involved in the brassinosteroid synthesis in plants

A method for producing a stigma-like tissue of a saffron flower comprising (1) culturing a corolla tube of a saffron in the presence of a plant hormone or (2) culturing a female organ and/or a corolla tube of a saffron flower in the presence of a plant hormone and alanine, and a method for producing useful components of a saffron flower, eg, saffron pigment, from the thus produced stigma-like tissue The tissue cultures produce larger quantitites of the stigma-like tissue and useful components, compared to that obtained by conventional tissue cultures

Method for producing saffron stigma-like tissue and method for producing useful components from saffron stigma-like tissue

A biotechnological process for the production of betacyanin pigments is disclosed which comprises cultivating calli, induced from a plant which belongs to Beta vulgaris L. and which is capable of producing betacyanin pigments, in a liquid culture medium containing a reducing agent such as glutathione.

Process for the production of betacyanin pigments

A method of producing a brassinosteroid is disclosed, wherein crown gall cells capable of producing the brassinosteroid are cultured in a culture medium in the presence of a cultivation aid selected from auxins, sterols, squalene, casamino acid and mixtures thereof.

Method of producing brassinosteroids

PURPOSE:To obtain a tissue like saffron stigma and to produce a valuable component of saffron from the stigma-like tissue in high efficiency, by carrying out tissue culture of style and/or ovary of saffron in a medium containing a specific substance. CONSTITUTION:Style and/or ovary of saffron are taken out before blooming, i.e. in the state of a bud. The tissue is placed on a medium such as Murashige- Skoog medium added with 5-15ppm of benzyl-adenine and 0.1-10ppm of alpha- naphthaleneacetic acid and cultured for 1-2 months in dark place at 25 deg.C to effect the production and growth of a stigma-like tissue. The stigma-like tissue is optionally ground and is extracted with a solvent such as water, hydrous ethanol and hydrous propylene glycol at normal temperature or under heating to obtain a saffron pigment.

Production of tissue like saffron stigma

PURPOSE:To efficiently produce the subject tissue with abundant saffron useful components, thus suitable as a raw material for collecting said components, by making a tissue culture of the flora tubes of saffron CONSTITUTION:The flora tubes of saffron are put to tissue culture using a culture medium containing a plant hormone (eg, alpha-naphthalene acetic acid, benzyladenine) to produce and grow the saffron stigmalike tissue abundant in saffron useful components (eg, saffron coloring matter, medicinal component) Said flora tube, which is referred to as a cylindrical part with petals aggregated, is preferably collected during the bud period prior to the flowering If said tissue culture is made in a culture medium with a sucrose concentration of >=5wt%, the title stigmalike tissue can be grown in higher efficiency Extraction of the saffron stigmalike tissue thus obtained can advantageously produce the objective useful components

Production of saffron stigmalike tissue and production of useful component therefrom

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