Hydrodistillation methods have been used to extract essential oils from medicinal and aromatic plants for decades. This article provides a cutting-edge review of the hydrodistillation methods used for essential oil extraction to assess their efficacy. Ten medicinal and aromatic plants were chosen for this evaluation. This investigation found the highest essential oil concentration in Clove buds (11.6%) and the lowest in Basil (1.1%). Hydrodistillation is the most effective method for extracting spices such as Cloves, Cumin, Ginger, Mentha, Dill seeds, Lemongrass, and Basil. Instead, steam distillation proved to be the most effective technique for extracting Lavender, Orange peels, and Eucalyptus. It has been revealed that ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation is the most effective and successful technique for essential oils extraction. Compared to other hydrodistillation techniques, ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation uses the least energy. Consequently, it is the cleaner technology for essential oils extraction. Many researchers have successfully extracted essential oils using solar energy. Clove produced the most excellent yield, 55 mL/kg, while Peppermint produced the lowest yield, 0.49 mL/day, utilising solar energy-assisted hydrodistillation. Based on the study results, it is evident that the ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation system must be optimised for essential oils extraction since it can offer a higher yield in the shortest time. 

A hydrodistillation-based essential oils extraction: A quest for the most effective and cleaner technology

This study addressed the need for improved methods for the extraction of bioactive compounds from patchouli oil, focusing on the characterization and comparison of microwave-assisted hydrodistillation (MAHD) and traditional hydrodistillation techniques. Traditional hydrodistillation methods for the extraction of essential oils are less efficient in terms of time and yield. This research aims to bridge the knowledge gap regarding extraction efficiency, duration, and chemical composition. This study aimed to directly compare microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and traditional hydrodistillation for the extraction of bioactive compounds from patchouli oil and to evaluate the efficacy, efficiency, and chemical composition of these methods. The study reviews Advanced analytical tools such as Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (LC-Q-TOF-MS), and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GCMS) have been used to analyze the chemical makeup of patchouli oil. The results indicate that microwave-assisted hydrodistillation may offer benefits over traditional hydrodistillation, including reduced extraction times and increased yields. Differences were noted in the chemical composition of patchouli oil obtained through MAHD, particularly in the prevalence of bioactive compounds, such as patchoulol, α- bulnesene, and caryophyllene. This study explored the potential biological activities, stability, safety, and cost-effectiveness of MAHD compared to traditional methods. It also examines the implications of these findings for industries reliant on the quality of essential oils, such as pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and perfumes. This study provides significant insights into the extraction of essential oils, supporting industrial innovation, and contributing to Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) related to health, wellbeing, responsible production, and life on land. The differences in the chemical composition between MAHD and traditional methods could have substantial implications for the essential oils industry. 

Characterization of bioactive compounds in patchouli oil using microwave-assisted and traditional hydrodistillation methods

Indonesia is an important essential oil-exporting country globally, where 40 types of essential oils have been traded on the international market and are products of Indonesia. However, the quality and quantity of patchouli oil produced in Indonesia are still low. Most essential oil processing units use simple or traditional technology and generally have limited production capacity. This study aimed to obtain the optimum water flow rate in a condenser system for patchouli oil production in Maluku, Indonesia. Patchouli oil extraction from fresh patchouli leaves and twigs was carried out by increasing the condenser water discharge rate. Patchouli oil extraction with a condenser cooling water discharge treatment of 1.74 L/min and drying time for 5 days produced the highest patchouli oil yield of 1.4%. The greater the condenser water discharge rate, the better the yield and accumulation of patchouli oil recovery obtained. In addition, based on the results of the analysis of the composition of patchouli oil compounds with GCMS, it can be seen that 13 compounds can be detected in patchouli oil. The three main components of patchouli oil in all condenser cooling water treatments were alpha-guaiene, delta-guaiene, and patchouli alcohol. Considering the results of all parameters mentioned above, the treatment of the condenser cooling water discharge of 1.74 L/min and drying time for 5 days increases the quality and quantity of patchouli oil.

The Flow Rate of the Condenser Cooling Water in the Distillation Process Increases the Quality and Quantity of Patchouli Oil

Pogostemon cablin, an oil-producing plant, proceeded vegetative propagation due to limited natural pollination, leading to lower genetic variations.The presented study investigated the morphological diversity and productivity, specifically the ninth mutant vegetative (MV9) generation resulting from polyploid mutation induced by colchicine in the P. cablin var.Sidikalang.The study transpired between August 2022 and April 2023 at the Tissue Culture Laboratory, the Cikabayan Experimental Station, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.The experiment had a randomized complete block design (RCBD) arrangement with eight genotypes, including control as the single factor and three replications.Various characteristic measurements included essential oil yield growth and potential.The findings revealed that aneuploid mutants exhibited more leaves, primary, and secondary branches than the control plants and polyploid mutants (P < 0.05).Polyploid mutants (tetraploid and mixoploid) displayed longer and broader leaves, larger leaf surfaces, thicker leaves, and greater stem diameter (P < 0.05).Accumulation of leaves, primary, and secondary branches caused an increase in the patchouli plant's fresh weight.Patchouli oil production per hectare indicated a correlation to leaf number (r = 0.48), primary branches (r = 0.41), secondary branches (r = 0.48), and essential oil yield (r = 0.87).The study also revealed the considerable genetic diversity among the patchouli mutants, paving the way to develop promising new plant lines, specifically to obtain superior patchouli with the highest biomass and oil. 

pdf/morphological-and-productivity-analysis-of-patchouli-4zp16cxmquew.pdf

Morphological and productivity analysis of patchouli (pogostemon cablin) mutants derived through mutation

Abstract Patchouli essential oil is typically obtained through traditional batch distillation, a process involving the introduction of a sole stream of steam at the base of the tank or column, followed by the condensation of the resulting vapor at the top of the tank. In a quest to explore the impact of the multiple injection steam method on both the yield and quality of the oil product, a comparison with the conventional single injection steam approach was conducted. The research variables encompassed different steam valve openings. The findings revealed that the steam valve openings indeed played a role in affecting the yield of the oil product. Curiously, the utilization of the multiple injection steam method yielded a somewhat lower oil output compared to the single injection steam approach. Specifically, with varying steam valve openings, the average yield for the multiple injection steam method hovered around 2.6%. In contrast, the single injection steam method consistently demonstrated a superior average yield of about 3.9%. Intriguingly, an examination of the essential components of patchouli oil, particularly the patchouli alcohol content, indicated no marked disparity between the two methods. This suggests that the utilization of the multiple injection steam method did not substantially alter the essential oil’s composition. 

Extraction of patchouli essential oil using multi-injection steam distillation

Pogostemon cablin Benth. var ‘Sidikalang’ leaves are the main source of patchouli oil which is used in the cosmetics and perfume industry because of its better fixative nature and provides the foreign exchange of around 60 % of Indonesia’s essential oil export revenues and is the largest patchouli oil supplier in the world with a contribution of 90 %. But apparently, several studies found that patchouli oil also has pharmacological activity such as aromatherapy, anti-influenza, antioxidants, and anti-microbial. This proves that leaves patchouli oil can be used as alternative medicine. Patchouli oil is composed of 20 main constituents, but the most important role as a determinant of the quality of patchouli oil is sesquiterpene patchouli alcohol (PA). The right extraction method is the most important factor so that the quality of patchouli oil is well maintained during the extraction process. Some methods that have been used for patchouli oil extraction include soxhlet, hydrodistillation, microwave-assisted hydrodistillation, microwave–air hydrodistillation, and water–bubble distillation. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation and water–bubble distillation methods are more efficient methods for patchouli oil extraction. The microwave-assisted hydrodistillation method produces a yield of 1.9437 to 2.7227 % with a PA content of 26.32 % within 120 min to 126 min, and the water–bubble distillation method produces a yield of 2.40 % with a PA content of 61.53 % within 360 min.

Mini-Review: Extraction of Patchouli Oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth. Leaves

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Mini-Review: Extraction of Patchouli Oil from Pogostemon cablin Benth. Leaves