Ethanol is produced from cellulosic material such as corn stover by treating the cellulosic material in a first hydrolysis stage with a dilute acid solution to hydrolyze pentosans to xylose, separating solids from the resultant hydrolysate, treating the solids in a second hydrolysis stage with a concentrated acid solution to hydrolyze hexosans to glucose, and fermenting the glucose to ethanol by passing a solution of the glucose over a fixed film of yeast prepared by attaching yeast with a polyfunctional agent to a proteinaceous material coated on a solid support. The use of a first hydrolysis stage avoids the production of furfural which is toxic and inhibits yeast fermentation. Xylose produced from the first stage may also be fermented to ethanol with the fixed film of yeast.

Ethanol production with an immobilized cell reactor

Although the application of the natural attraction of many microorganisms to surfaces has been applied in vinegar production since the early 1980s, and has long been utilized in waste water purification, the development of microbial cell immobilization techniques for special applications dates back only to the early 1960s. The immobilization may involve whole cells, cell fragments, or lysed cells. Whole cells may retain their metabolic activity with their complex multienzyme systems and cofactor regeneration mechanisms intact, or they may be killed in the process with only a few desired enzymes remaining active in the final biocatalyst. Cells may also be coimmobilized with an enzyme to carry out special reactions. Although relatively few industrial scale applications exist today, some are of very large scale. Current applications vary from relatively small scale steroid conversions to amino acid production and high fructose syrup manufacture. A vast number of potential applications are already known, and one of the most interesting applications may be in continuous fermentation such as ethanol production by immobilized living microorganisms. 373 references.

Industrial Applications of Immobilized Cells

Weighted collagen microsponges having a highly crosslinked collagen matrix are described suitable for use in culturing organisms in motive reactor systems. The microsponges have an open to the surface pore structure, and pore sizes and volumes suitable for immobilizing a variety of bioactive materials. The microsponges also have an average particle size in the range of about 100 to about 1000 microns and a specific gravity above about 1.05.

Weighted collagen microsponge for immobilizing bioactive material

When carrying out continuous biologically catalyzed reactions with anaerobic microorganisms attached to a support in an upflow packed bed column, growth of the microorganisms is restricted to prevent the microorganisms from plugging the column by limiting the availability of an essential nutrient and/or by the presence of predatory protozoa which consume the anaerobic microorganisms. A membrane disruptive detergent may be provided in the column to lyse dead microorganisms to make them available as nutrients for live microorganisms.

Biomass growth restriction in a packed bed reactor

Weighted microsponges preferably having a highly crosslinked collagen matrix suitable for use in culturing organisms in motive reactor systems. The microsponges have an open to the surface pore structure, and pore sizes and volumes suitable for immobilizing a variety of bioactive materials. The microsponges also have an average particle size in the range of about 100 to about 1000 microns and a specific gravity above about 1.05. Also described is an in vitro method for culturing organisms immobilized on a microsponge comprising a highly crosslinked, porous collagen matrix prepared by crosslinking Type I, II or III type collagen using a carbodiimide or a succinimidyl active ester and/or severe dehydration conditions.

Weighted microsponge for immobilizing bioactive material

Production of fermented liquids such as beer is continuously carried out under sterile conditions by flash sterilizing a mixture of wort and bitter substances by direct steam injection, boiling the mixture to complete transformation of bitter substances incorporated in the wort, decanting a precipitate formed in the wort under aeration of the wort by sterile air or oxygen, fermenting the wort by bringing the wort under sterile conditions into contact with yeast immobilized on an inert support, storing the fermented wort in the presence of yeast under sterile conditions and passing the fermented wort under sterile conditions into contact with a protease fixed on a support.

Continuous production of fermented liquids

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Continuous production of fermented liquids