A common photodetecting unit detects a plurality of beams scanned by a plurality of polyhedral reflection mirrors provided in a multiple stages with a common rotation axis, and generates a synchronization detection signal based on detected beams. The reflection mirrors make a predetermined angle θ1 in a direction of rotation of the reflection mirrors. When time between two consecutive synchronization detection signals on a time line generated by the common photodetecting unit is ti, where i is a positive integer equal to or smaller than number of split beams, at least one of ti is different from others.

Optical scanning device and image forming apparatus

This paper describes the recent progress in understanding the nature of striations in rare gas plasmas. Striations are ionization waves with unique properties determined by transport phenomena, ionization processes and electron kinetics in current-carrying plasmas. Recent progress in understanding the physics of striations is mainly associated with the advances of non-local electron kinetics in spatially inhomogeneous plasmas and the development of computational models of gas discharges. It has been proven that kinetic analysis of electrons is necessary for nearly all types of striations. Most strikingly, the non-hydrodynamic behaviour of electrons reveals itself in kinetic resonances of the electron distribution function in spatially periodic electric fields, resulting in a variety of striations at low pressures. Moving striations in classical dc discharges have been obtained in computer experiments. Renewed interest in striations has been recently generated by the observation of striations inside pixels of plasma display panels and other micro-plasma devices. High sensitivity of striations to the state of electron gas and ionization kinetics makes them an ideal tool for testing discharge models and advanced plasma diagnostics. Further studies of striations in glow discharges could shed light into the physics of different plasma sources used in modern technologies. There are more things between cathode and anode than are dreamt in your philosophy. H Raether

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0022-3727/39/24/R01/pdf

Striations in rare gas plasmas

An image forming device comprises a plurality of unit modules arranged in a main scanning direction, each unit module having a light source that modulates according to image data and a deflection unit which deflects the light emitted from the light source to scan a surface to be scanned. Areas scanned with each unit module are joined together to record the image. The image data includes fixed pixel areas in number equal to the number of the unit modules and which have one scanning line in common with the adjacent fixed pixel area, and variable pixel areas that link up the fixed pixel areas. The image data is constructed by adding pixels of each unit module to the variable pixel areas at a record start side or a record stop side of the fixed pixel areas, and the variable pixel areas are commonly shared between two neighboring unit modules.

Optical scanner and image-forming device

The circular economy is rapidly rising up political and business agendas. In contrast to today’s largely linear, ‘take-make-use-dispose’ economy, a circular economy represents a development strategy that enables economic growth while aiming to optimise the chain of consumption of biological and technical materials. A deep transformation of production chains and consumption patterns is envisaged to keep materials circulating in the economy for longer, re-designing industrial systems and encouraging cascading use of materials and waste. Although there are some elements of circularity such as recycling and composting in the linear economy (see Figure E1) where progress needs to be maintained, a circular economy goes beyond the pursuit of waste prevention and waste reduction to inspire technological, organisational and social innovation across and within value chains (see Figure E2). There are already several policies in place and activities underway that support a circular economy; however there remain a range of untapped opportunities, costs to be avoided and obstacles to be addressed in order to accelerate the move towards a circular economy in the EU. Against this backdrop, the European Commission (DG Environment) launched a Scoping study to identify potential circular economy actions, priority sectors, material flows & value chains. The study was carried out by the Policy Studies Institute (PSI), Institute for European Environmental Policy (IEEP), BIO and Ecologic Institute between November 2013 and July 2014. The aim of the study was to provide an initial scoping assessment of potential priorities and policy options to support the transition to a circular economy in the EU. The study reviewed existing literature, identified potential priority areas for action where accelerating the circular economy would be beneficial and where EU policy has a particular role to play, and developed policy options for consideration across a range of areas.

Scoping study to identify potential circular economy actions, priority sectors, material flows and value chains

The mechanisms of physical and chemical interactions of low temperature plasmas with surfaces can be fruitfully explored using molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. MD simulations follow the detailed motion of sets of interacting atoms through integration of atomic equations of motion, using inter-atomic potentials that can account for bond breaking and formation that result when energetic species from the plasma impact surfaces. This paper summarizes the current status of the technique for various applications of low temperature plasmas to material processing technologies. The method is reviewed, and commonly used inter-atomic potentials are described. Special attention is paid to the use of MD in understanding various representative applications, including tetrahedral amorphous carbon film deposition from energetic carbon ions, the interactions of radical species with amorphous hydrogenated silicon films, silicon nanoparticles in plasmas, and plasma etching.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00338180/document

Molecular dynamics for low temperature plasma?surface interaction studies

A scanning optical device wherein, on the basis of positional information concerning a spacing in a main-scan direction between imaging positions of a plurality of light beams passed through resin-made imaging optical elements and detected by a photodetecting device and a spacing between the imaging positions in a sub-scan direction of the plurality of light beams, a focal shift direction and a focal shift amount in the main-scan direction as well as a focal shift direction and a focal shift amount in the sub-scan direction are determined, and wherein an optical element of an input optical system is moved in an optical axis direction based on the determination, to correct the focal shift in the main-scan direction and the focal shift in the sub-scan direction.

Scanning optical device and image forming apparatus using the same

A substrate assembly for a plasma display panel, comprises a substrate (11), a plurality of surface-discharge electrodes (X,Y) extending over the substrate (11), and a dielectric layer (17) covering the surface-discharge electrodes (X,Y). A magnesium oxide film (18) extends over the dielectric layer (17) to provide the substrate assembly with a surface that is to be in contact with a discharge gas. The magnesium oxide film (18) contains silicon or a compound thereof, at an amount of 500 to 10,000ppm by weight, to reduce an occurrence of black noise in operation of the plasma display panel.

Plasma display panels

For enlarging the application range of samples capable of being treated, decreasing the amount of samples used, preventing deterioration of samples by a change with the passage of time and preventing mixing of samples by diffusion, a micro fluidics system according to the present invention comprises a sample server which stores plural samples and which has sample efflux portions, a microchip (1) for feeding samples to a treating portion through plural sample introducing portions (14) communicating with the sample efflux portions and further through a microchannel, allowing the samples to be subjected to a predetermined treatment, and a sample feeder for feeding the samples stored in the sample server to the sample introducing portions through the sample efflux portions. The sample feeder comprises valves (18) for opening and closing communication paths between the sample efflux portions of the sample server (4) and the sample introducing portions (14) of the microchip (1) and pressurizing devices (15) for pressurizing the samples stored in the sample server (4) and pushing them out into the sample introducing portions in an open condition of the valves (18).

A microfluidic system and a treating method using same

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Scanning optical device and image forming apparatus using the same

Plasma display panels

A microfluidic system and a treating method using same