A state-of-art review on 2D material-boosted metal oxide nanoparticle electrodes: Supercapacitor applications

Eutectic electrolytes show potential beyond conventional low‐concentration electrolytes (LCEs) in zinc (Zn)‐ion capacitors (ZICs) yet suffer from high viscosity and sluggish kinetics. Herein, we originally develop an intrinsically decoupling strategy to address these issues, producing a novel electrolyte termed "quasi‐eutectic" electrolyte (quasi‐EE). Joint experimental and theoretical analyses confirm its unique solution coordination structure doped with near‐LCE domains. This enables the quasi‐EE well inherit the advanced properties at deep‐eutectic states while provide facilitated kinetics as well as lower energy barriers via a vehicle/hopping‐hybridized charge transfer mechanism. Consequently, a homogeneous electroplating pattern with much enhanced Sandꞌs time is achieved on the Zn surface, followed by a twofold prolonged service‐life with drastically reduced concentration polarization. More encouragingly, the quasi‐EE also delivers increased capacitance output in ZICs, which is elevated by 12.4%‐144.6% compared to that before decoupling. Furthermore, the pouch cell with a cathodic mass loading of 36.6 mg cm‐2 maintains competitive cycling performances over 600 cycles, far exceeding other Zn‐based counterparts. This work offers fresh insights into eutectic decoupling and beyond. 

Intrinsically Decoupled Coordination Chemistries Enable Quasi‐Eutectic Electrolytes with Fast Kinetics toward Enhanced Zinc‐Ion Capacitors

An extensive study into novel materials and compositional changes has resulted in the invention of high-performance supercapattery electrodes. This research focuses on the hydrothermal synthesis of magnesium manganese sulfide, followed by the integration of graphene quantum dots (MgMnS@GQDs) to assess their electrochemical capabilities. By employing super-concentrated aqueous electrolytes, often referred to as "water in salt" (WIS) solutions, it is possible to achieve a significantly reduced water activity, thereby expanding the electrochemical stability window (ESW). This work presents a new hybrid electrolyte that alternatively combines water with sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) and acetonitrile (AN). At a current of 2.0 A/g, the MgMnS@GQDs electrode demonstrated a maximum capacity of 812 C/g (325 F/g). The MgMnS@GQDs//AC achieved 104 C/g capacity (35 F/g), 49 Wh/kg energy density, and 1150 W/kg energy density in two electrode configurations. It showed an overpotential of 125 mV and a 47 mV/dec Tafel slope in the HER test. 

The MgMnS infused with GQDs as a binder-free electrode in sodium perchlorate-based hybrid electrolyte for supercapatteries and hydrogen production

Converting Hippophae rhamnoides fruit extraction residue into porous carbons with ultra-high surface area for superior-performance supercapacitors

Critical Evaluation of Hybrid and Organic Electrolytes for Supercapacitors with Optimized Porous Carbon

Urea, as one of the most sustainable organic solutes, denies the high salt consumption in commercial electrolytes with its peculiar solubility in water. The bi-mixture of urea-H2 O shows the eutectic feature for increased attention in aqueous Zn-ion electrochemical energy storage (AZEES) technologies. While the state-of-the-art aqueous electrolyte recipes are still pursuing the high-concentrated salt dosage with limited urea adoption and single-anion selection category. Here, a dual-anion urea-based (DAU) electrolyte composed of dual-Zn salts and urea-H2 O-induced solutions is reported, contributing to a stable electric double-layer construction and in situ organic/inorganic SEI formation. The optimized ZT2 S0.5 -20U electrolytes show a high initial Coulombic efficiency of 93.2% and durable Zn-ion storage ≈4000 h regarding Zn//Cu and Zn//Zn stripping/plating procedures. The assembled Zn//activated carbon full cells maintain ≈100% capacitance over 50 000 cycles at 4 A g-1 in coin cell and ≈98% capacitance over 20 000 cycles at 1 A g-1 in pouch cell setups. A 12 × 12 cm2 pouch cell assembly illustrates the practicality of AZEES devices by designing the cheap, antifreezing, and nonflammable DAU electrolyte system coupling proton donor-acceptor molecule and multi-anion selection criteria, exterminating the critical technical barriers in commercialization.

Highly Solubilized Urea as Effective Proton Donor-Acceptors for Durable Zinc-Ion Storage Beyond Single-Anion Selection Criteria.

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Critical Evaluation of Hybrid and Organic Electrolytes for Supercapacitors with Optimized Porous Carbon

Highly Solubilized Urea as Effective Proton Donor-Acceptors for Durable Zinc-Ion Storage Beyond Single-Anion Selection Criteria.