Water is of fundamental importance for life on earth. The synthesis and structure of cell constituents and transport of nutrients into the cells as well as body metabolism depend on water. The contaminations present in water disturb the spontaneity of the mechanism and result in long/short-term diseases. The probable contaminations and their possible routes are discussed in the present review. Continued research efforts result in some processes/technologies to remove the contaminations from water. The review includes concepts and potentialities of the technologies in a comprehensible form. It also includes some meaningful hybrid technologies and promising awaited technologies in coming years.

/pdf/drinking-water-contamination-and-treatment-techniques-4vcff34upt.pdf

Drinking water contamination and treatment techniques

https://bura.brunel.ac.uk/bitstream/2438/14401/3/FullText.pdf

Heat pipe based systems - Advances and applications

This compilation was prepared for the Dudley Knox Library, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA

https://calhoun.nps.edu/bitstream/10945/6976/1/Jul09-Seamines_biblio.pdf

Sea Mines and Countermeasures: A Bibliography

Heat transfer characteristics of thermosyphon with N2–Ar binary mixture working fluid

Technological aspects of high-Tc superconductors

High Gradient Magnetic Separation (HGMS) is a powerful technique which can be used to separate widely dispersed contaminants from a host material, This technology can separate magnetic solids from other solids, liquids or gases. As the name implies HGMS uses large magnetic field gradients to separate ferromagnetic and paramagnetic particles. HGMS separators usually consist of a high-field solenoid magnet, the bore of which contains a fine-structured, ferromagnetic matrix material. The matrix material locally distorts the magnetic field and creates large field gradients in the vicinity of the matrix elements. These elements then become trapping sites for magnetic particles and are the basis for the magnetic separation. In this paper we discuss the design and construction of a prototype HGMS unit using a magnet made with high temperature superconductors (HTS). The prototype consists of an outer vacuum vessel which contains the HTS solenoid magnet The magnet is surrounded by a thermal radiation shield and multilayer insulation (MLI) blankets. The magnet, thermal shield and current leads all operate in a vacuum and are cooled by a cryocooler. High temperature superconducting current leads are used to reduce the heat leak from the ambient environment to the HTS magnet.

Application of high temperature superconductors to high-gradient magnetic separation

High gradient magnetic separation using a high temperature superconducting magnet

Processing of BSCCO superconducting rods for current leads

We report on the ramp rate testing of a prototype high temperature superconducting (HTS) high gradient magnetic separation (HGMS) magnet HGMS magnets asre ramped from full field to zero field to clean the separation matrix The time spent ramping the magnet is unavailable for processing and must therefore be kept to a minimum Existing commercial low temperature superconducting HGMS magnets are immersed in a liquid helium bath and are designed to ramp from zero to full current in one minute The HTS magnet in our system is conductively cooled and operates in a vacuum at a temperature of approximately 30 K

/pdf/ramp-rate-testing-of-an-hts-high-gradient-magnetic-2li964ddwu.pdf

Ramp Rate Testing of an HTS High Gradient Magnetic Separation Magnet

In many important cryogenic applications the use of liquid cryogens for system cooling are either not feasible or are unsuitable. In such cases a cryogenic refrigeration system or multi stage cryocooler must be employed to provide the necessary cooling. To shorten cooldown time for such a system, especially if the thermal mass is large, a thermal shunt directly connecting the first stage of the cryocooler to the load during cooldown is desirable. This thermal shunt allows effective utilization of the greater cooling power available from the first stage of the cryocooler early in the cooldown. Upon reaching operating temperature, the thermal shunt must exhibit a high resistance to thermally isolate the first stage of the cryocooler from the load. Heat pipes are well suited to achieve these objectives. The Advanced Lightweight Influence Sweep System (ALISS), under development by the U. S. Navy for shallow water magnetic mine countermeasures, employs a large, conductively cooled, superconducting magnet that must be cooled from 300 to 4.2 K. Cryogenic heat pipes acting as cryocooler thermal shunts are used to shorten the cooldown time. Ethane, nitrogen and oxygen were evaluated as possible working fluids. A thermal model of the ALISS was developed to evaluate the cooldown performance of various heat pipe combinations. In conjunction with heat pipe performance tests, this model was used to select a suitable design for the heat pipe thermal shunts.

/pdf/heat-pipes-for-enhanced-cooldown-of-cryogenic-systems-4eu2aac90b.pdf

Heat Pipes for Enhanced Cooldown of Cryogenic Systems

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