When investigating the dynamics of three-dimensional multi-body biomechanical systems it is often difficult to derive spatiotemporally directed predictions regarding experimentally induced effects. A paradigm of 'non-directed' hypothesis testing has emerged in the literature as a result. Non-directed analyses typically consist of ad hoc scalar extraction, an approach which substantially simplifies the original, highly multivariate datasets (many time points, many vector components). This paper describes a commensurately multivariate method as an alternative to scalar extraction. The method, called 'statistical parametric mapping' (SPM), uses random field theory to objectively identify field regions which co-vary significantly with the experimental design. We compared SPM to scalar extraction by re-analyzing three publicly available datasets: 3D knee kinematics, a ten-muscle force system, and 3D ground reaction forces. Scalar extraction was found to bias the analyses of all three datasets by failing to consider sufficient portions of the dataset, and/or by failing to consider covariance amongst vector components. SPM overcame both problems by conducting hypothesis testing at the (massively multivariate) vector trajectory level, with random field corrections simultaneously accounting for temporal correlation and vector covariance. While SPM has been widely demonstrated to be effective for analyzing 3D scalar fields, the current results are the first to demonstrate its effectiveness for 1D vector field analysis. It was concluded that SPM offers a generalized, statistically comprehensive solution to scalar extraction's over-simplification of vector trajectories, thereby making it useful for objectively guiding analyses of complex biomechanical systems.

Vector field statistical analysis of kinematic and force trajectories (vol 46, pg 2394, 2013)

The aim of this review was to understand the use of wearable technology in sport in order to enhance performance and prevent injury. Understanding sports biomechanics is important for injury prevention and performance enhancement and is traditionally assessed using optical motion capture. However, such approaches are limited by capture volume restricting assessment to a laboratory environment, a factor that can be overcome by wearable technology. A systematic search was carried out across seven databases where wearable technology was employed to assess kinetic and kinematic variables in sport. Articles were excluded if they focused on sensor design and did not measure kinetic or kinematic variables or apply the technology on targeted participants. A total of 33 articles were included for full-text analysis where participants took part in a sport and performed dynamic movements relating to performance monitored by wearable technologies. Inertial measurement units, flex sensors and magnetic field and angular rate sensors were among the devices used in over 15 sports to quantify motion. Wearable technology usage is still in an exploratory phase, but there is potential for this technology to positively influence coaching practice and athletes’ technique.

https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/19/7/1597/pdf

Exploring the Role of Wearable Technology in Sport Kinematics and Kinetics: A Systematic Review.

In this paper, we describe and validate the EquiMoves system, which aims to support equine veterinarians in assessing lameness and gait performance in horses. The system works by capturing horse motion from up to eight synchronized wireless inertial measurement units. It can be used in various equine gait modes, and analyzes both upper-body and limb movements. The validation against an optical motion capture system is based on a Bland-Altman analysis that illustrates the agreement between the two systems. The sagittal kinematic results (protraction, retraction, and sagittal range of motion) show limits of agreement of ± 2.3 degrees and an absolute bias of 0.3 degrees in the worst case. The coronal kinematic results (adduction, abduction, and coronal range of motion) show limits of agreement of - 8.8 and 8.1 degrees, and an absolute bias of 0.4 degrees in the worst case. The worse coronal kinematic results are most likely caused by the optical system setup (depth perception difficulty and suboptimal marker placement). The upper-body symmetry results show no significant bias in the agreement between the two systems; in most cases, the agreement is within ±5 mm. On a trial-level basis, the limits of agreement for withers and sacrum are within ±2 mm, meaning that the system can properly quantify motion asymmetry. Overall, the bias for all symmetry-related results is less than 1 mm, which is important for reproducibility and further comparison to other systems.

EquiMoves: A Wireless Networked Inertial Measurement System for Objective Examination of Horse Gait

Quantification of the validity and reliability of sprint performance metrics computed using inertial sensors: A systematic review.

The transition from a stationary crouch on running-blocks to an erect running position is critical to success in sprint running. Three elite sprinters repeated five sprint starts on a 50 m-long instrumented running track each wearing three inertial measurement units (IMU) on both shanks. The IMU profiles and force plate data was highly consistent between runs. The increasing maximum ground force was correlated with the IMU data using a linear fit and gyroscope triggered acceleration component. Both techniques show promise (r2 > 0.5). This is of significant interest to athletes and coaches using IMUs rather than a long, instrumented running track.

Predicting Ground Reaction Forces in Sprint Running Using a Shank Mounted Inertial Measurement Unit

Countermovement jumps (CMJs) are widely used in athlete training, performance monitoring and research as an indicator of power output. Despite extensive scientific research on CMJs, data for elite ...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1754337120971436

Countermovement jump performance in elite male and female sprinters and high jumpers

A cheap and easy to use monitoring device that can be used within the athletics sprinting community is being developed. A device which enables coaches to monitor key features of an athlete's sprint start, allowing the effect of any technical adjustments made to be examined closely, could be used as a tool to assist in an athlete's development of a more optimsed performance. Whilst wireless inertial measurement units have been used successfully to monitor running, walking and to recognise other day to day activities such as stair walking, sitting and driving, the efficacy of these devices to be used in the monitoring of a sprint start in a running race has yet to be determined. The accuracy of both the timing and acceleration profiles recorded by a wireless wearable device, when compared to data collected using Vicon motion capture system, are described in this paper. Twenty five sprint start trials were recorded and eight features where identified and automatically determined via bespoke software algorithms. Timing and acceleration data from these points were then compared between the two methods of collection. The timing accuracy of the inertial measurement unit was accurate to 0.025 ± 0.024 s. The variance between the acceleration readings was larger ranging from 1.15 - 2.60 m/s2 with a mean of 1.81 m/22.

/pdf/assessing-wireless-inertia-measurement-units-for-monitoring-8o2smuttsb.pdf

Assessing wireless inertia measurement units for monitoring athletics sprint performance

Strength asymmetry can be detrimental to athlete performance and may lead to injury. The countermovement jump (CMJ) can be used to measure strength asymmetry via shear force production. The reliabi...

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1754337121995967

Reliability of bilateral and shear components in a two-legged counter-movement jump:

The aim of the research presented in this paper is to demonstrate and report the initial validation results emphasizing the capabilities of a novel, fully automated cycle ergometer that (1) allows faster, repeatable and more accurate adjustments to bicycle geometry via motor controlled actuators and (2) permits the inclusion of resistance profiles via a motor driven linkage to the cranks. The automated set-up configuration for different cyclists' dimensions is achieved in 80 seconds for the first set-up and 17 seconds for the subsequent set-ups as compared to 30 minutes as reported for the current manual set-up techniques.

Automated cycling ergometer with built-in ability to produce resistance profiles

Model Based Automated Cycling Ergometer

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