The high energy muon spectrum in Extensive Air Showers: first data from LVD and EAS-TOP at Gran Sasso

The Large-Volume Detector (LVD) in the Gran Sasso underground Laboratory is a multipurpose detector consisting of a large volume of liquid scintillator (at present 562 tons are in data taking) interleaved with limited-streamer tubes. Several physical problems are investigated with LVD, the major being the search for neutrino bursts from gravitational stellar collapses in our Galaxy. In this paper we discuss some results on cosmic neutrinos and cosmic-ray muons obtained with the first of the five towers of LVD (operational since June 1992) and part of the second tower (operational since June 1994). The results of the search for supernovae neutrinos show that LVD is a neutrino observatory able to detect neutrinos of different flavours from gravitational stellar collapses in all our Galaxy, over a wide range of burst durations. Indeed, the carbon-based liquid-scintillator target gives a unique possibility to directly detect neutral- and charged-currents neutrino interactions with a very good signature. This characteristic of LVD allows us to make an indirect estimate of the neutrino rest mass and of neutrino oscillations from supernovae in our Galaxy. No evidence for burst candidates has been found in the data recorded from June 1992 to March 1995, for a total live time of 682 days and a total exposure of 613 tons per year. We present the results of a time coincidence analysis between low-energy signals, eventually due to neutrinos of different flavours, and γ-ray bursts (GRBs) detected by the BATSE experiment. This search covers the period from June 1993 to March 1995, during which 41 GRBs have been selected from the BATSE data. Since no excess of events in LVD has been found, upper limits on the neutrino fluxes are reported for (νe, p), and for neutral- and charged-currents neutrino interactions of different flavours with the C-nuclei of the scintillator. The muon intensity as a function of slant depth is presented. These measurements, obtained during a live time period of 11.556 hours, cover a slant depths range from about 3000 to about 20 000 hg/cm2 of standard rock and extend over five decades of intensity. An interesting result is that the muon flux is independent of slant depth beyond a depth of about 14 000 hg/cm2 of standard rock, and corresponds to near horizontal muons. This is direct evidence that this flux is due to atmospheric neutrinos interacting in the rock surrounding LVD.

The LVD experiment at Gran Sasso.

A new system to assign accurate timestamps to events recorded by experiments running underground has been designed, installed and tested at INFN Gran Sasso National Laboratory, Italy. This facility is based on a Master unit installed on surface and receiving time information from a GPS receiver, and Slave units placed underground which get data packet from the Master via optical fiber and assign the timestamps. The system is able to provide a time accuracy of 15 ns (1σ) and precise reference frequencies to the experiments. It is now part of the infrastructure of the Laboratory for all the experimental activities which need accurate timestamps.

Accurate GPS-based timestamp facility for Gran Sasso National Laboratory

‘Very heavy’ (iron-like) and ‘light’ (proton-like) cosmic ray primaries are identified at primary energies E0 ≈ 1015 eV by means of simultaneous measurements of shower size Ne, NμGeV ( = Nμ(Eμ > 1 GeV)) at the surface, and NμTeV ( = Nμ(Eμ > 1.3 TeV)) and ΔE μ ΔL (i.e. muon energy losses per unit of track length) at the Gran Sasso Laboratories by EAS-TOP at the surface (2000 m a.s.l.) and LVD deep underground (3400 m.w.e. depth). ‘Very heavy’ primaries are selected using large muon numbers detected by LVD; “light’ primaries using high muon energy losses in the LVD scintillation counters, the two selections operating in two different predefined ranges of Ne. Their identification is confirmed from the analysis at the surface in the Ne − NμGeV domain, by their ‘location’ in regions of ‘high’ and ‘low’ muon numbers. The experimental points lay around the average predictions from the CORSIKA-HDPM code. This procedure provides the first interpretation of individual events at such primary energies through the Extensive Air Shower technique, and the verification (at least on average) of the CORSIKA-HDPM code. The presence of iron-like primaries is proved up to primary energies E0 ≈ 5.1015 eV.

Identification of light and very heavy cosmic ray primaries at E0 ≈ 1015 eV from surface and deep underground measurements at the Gran Sasso Laboratories

We describe and discuss the operation, calibration and stability of the EAS-TOP calorimeter (Campo Imperatore, National Gran Sasso Laboratories), a large area hadron and muon detector devoted to cosmic-ray physics. It consists of iron slabs (for a total thickness of 818 g cm −2 ) and Iarocci tubes as sensitive layers, operating in the streamer mode and the “quasi proportional” regime. Using a model describing the operation of the “quasi proportional” chambers, we derive a calibration curve in the energy range 50–5000 GeV, whose reliability has been indirectly checked through on-site measurements, by means of an accelerator beam run (up to≃600–700 GeV) and by comparing the model predictions on hadron shower transition curves with the data.

/pdf/the-hadron-calorimeter-of-eas-top-operation-calibration-and-1eigevgmzl.pdf

The hadron calorimeter of EAS-TOP: operation, calibration and resolution

We present the first results of the combined measurements of the EAS-TOP (at the surface) and LVD (deep underground) detectors operating as a combined telescope in the study of UHE cosmic rays and their interactions. Examples of different classes of events and their significance in different high-energy and astrophysical studies are discussed.

/pdf/first-observation-of-high-energy-cosmic-ray-events-obtained-ymk0cxruqr.pdf

First observation of high-energy cosmic-ray events obtained in coincidence between EAS-TOP and LVD at Gran Sasso

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First observation of high-energy cosmic-ray events obtained in coincidence between EAS-TOP and LVD at Gran Sasso