Capabilities in health monitoring enabled by capture and quantitative chemical analysis of sweat could complement, or potentially obviate the need for, approaches based on sporadic assessment of blood samples. Established sweat monitoring technologies use simple fabric swatches and are limited to basic analysis in controlled laboratory or hospital settings. We present a collection of materials and device designs for soft, flexible, and stretchable microfluidic systems, including embodiments that integrate wireless communication electronics, which can intimately and robustly bond to the surface of the skin without chemical and mechanical irritation. This integration defines access points for a small set of sweat glands such that perspiration spontaneously initiates routing of sweat through a microfluidic network and set of reservoirs. Embedded chemical analyses respond in colorimetric fashion to markers such as chloride and hydronium ions, glucose, and lactate. Wireless interfaces to digital image capture hardware serve as a means for quantitation. Human studies demonstrated the functionality of this microfluidic device during fitness cycling in a controlled environment and during long-distance bicycle racing in arid, outdoor conditions. The results include quantitative values for sweat rate, total sweat loss, pH, and concentration of chloride and lactate.

A soft, wearable microfluidic device for the capture, storage, and colorimetric sensing of sweat

Optofluidics - the synergistic integration of photonics and microfluidics - has recently emerged as a new analytical field that provides a number of unique characteristics for enhanced sensing performance and simplification of microsystems. In this review, we describe various optofluidic architectures developed in the past five years, emphasize the mechanisms by which optofluidics enhances bio/chemical analysis capabilities, including sensing and the precise control of biological micro/nanoparticles, and envision new research directions to which optofluidics leads.

/pdf/optofluidic-microsystems-for-chemical-and-biological-2x1od0syk0.pdf

Optofluidic microsystems for chemical and biological analysis

Gallium and several of its alloys are liquid metals at or near room temperature. Gallium has low toxicity, essentially no vapor pressure, and a low viscosity. Despite these desirable properties, applications calling for liquid metal often use toxic mercury because gallium forms a thin oxide layer on its surface. The oxide interferes with electrochemical measurements, alters the physicochemical properties of the surface, and changes the fluid dynamic behavior of the metal in a way that has, until recently, been considered a nuisance. Here, we show that this solid oxide “skin” enables many new applications for liquid metals including soft electrodes and sensors, functional microcomponents for microfluidic devices, self-healing circuits, shape-reconfigurable conductors, and stretchable antennas, wires, and interconnects.

Emerging Applications of Liquid Metals Featuring Surface Oxides

The application of hydrocolloid gel particles is potentially useful in food, chemical, and pharmaceutical industries. Alginate gel particles are one of the more commonly used hydrocolloid gel particles due to them being biocompatible, nontoxic, biodegradable, cheap, and simple to produce. They are particularly valued for their application in encapsulation. Encapsulation in alginate gel particles confers protective benefits to cells, DNA, nutrients, and microbes. Slow release of flavors, minerals, and drugs can also be achieved by encapsulation in gel particles. The particle size and shape of the gel particles are crucial for specific applications. In this review, current methods of producing alginate gel particles will be discussed, taking into account their advantages, disadvantages, scalability, and impact on particle size. The physical properties of alginate gel particles will determine the effectiveness in different application conditions. This review will cover the current understanding of the alginate biopolymer, gelation mechanisms and factors affecting release properties, gel strength, and rheology of the alginate gel particle systems.

Alginate gel particles–A review of production techniques and physical properties

Optofluidic biolasers are emerging as a highly sensitive way to measure changes in biological molecules. Biolasers, which incorporate biological material into the gain medium and contain an optical cavity in a fluidic environment, can use the amplification that occurs during laser generation to quantify tiny changes in biological processes in the gain medium. We describe the principle of the optofluidic biolaser, review recent progress and provide our outlooks on potential applications and directions for developing this technology.

/pdf/the-potential-of-optofluidic-biolasers-36owi45w5h.pdf

The potential of optofluidic biolasers.

Cutting-Edge Optofluidics Theories, Techniques, and Practices

Add novel functionalities to your optical design projects by incorporating state-of-the-art microfluidic technologies and tools. Co-written by industry experts, Optofluidics: Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications covers the latest functional integration of optical devices and microfluidics, as well as automation techniques.  

This authoritative guide explains how to fabricate optical lab-on-a-chip devices, synthesize photonic crystals, develop solid and liquid core waveguides, use fluidic self-assembly methods, and accomplish direct microfabrication in solutions. The book includes details on developing biological sensors and arrays, handling maskless lithography, designing high-Q cavities, and working with nanoscale plasmonics. Research outcomes from the DARPA-funded Center for Optofluidics Integration are also discussed. 

Discover how to:

Work with optofluidic sources, lenses, filters, switches, and splitters
Use dielectric waveguiding devices to input, move, and manipulate fluids
Integrate colloidal crystals and fibers with microfluidic systems
Develop bio-inspired fluidic lens systems and aspherical lenses
Deploy miniaturized dye lasers, microscopes, biosensors, and resonators
Analyze microfluidic systems using flow injection and fluorescent spectroscopy
Build optofluidic direct fabrication platforms for innovative microstructures 
Accomplish optofluidic liquid actuation and particle manipulation


Table of contents
Ch 1. Introduction
1.1 Existing technologies with fluidic and optical components
1.2 Advantages of fluids for optical systems
Ch 2. Optics and Microfluidics fundamentals
2.1 Introduction to optics
2.2 Introduction to Microfluidics
2.3 Soft Lithography Technology
2.4 Composite Membrane Technology
2.5 Integration Technology
Ch 3. Optofluidic Devices and Systems Classification
3.1 Fluid in solid
3.2 Solid in Fluid 
3.3 Fluid in Fluid
Ch 4. Optofluidic Devices
4.1 Electrowetting Lenses
4.2 Adaptive Optics
4.3 Optofluidic Switches
4.4 Optofluidic Lasers
4.5 Tunable optofluidic filters
4.6 Optofluidic Actuators and Micromechanical Systems
Ch 5. Optofluidic Integrated Systems
5.1 Optofluidic Microscope
5.2 Optofluidic Plasmonic Sys
5.3 Optofluidic Spectrometers 
Ch 6. Discussions and Future Prognosis of the Field

Optofluidics: Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications

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Optofluidics: Fundamentals, Devices, and Applications