Identifying the health risk of PM2.5 is essential for urban air pollution control. In 2013, China announced the ever-strict national Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan, and its health benefit should be evaluated to provide reference for future policymaking. In this study, we conducted a seven-year (2014-2020) continuous observation of PM2.5 in Shenzhen, the third largest city in China, which has relatively good air quality. The results showed that the annual mean PM2.5 and total concentration of 21 associated metals dropped from 37.7 to 18.5 μg/m3 and from 2.4 to 1.1 μg/m3, respectively. Combining methods for source apportionment and health risk assessment, we found that the total carcinogenic risk (CR) of five hazardous metals (Cd, Cr, Ni, Co, and Pb) showed a clear decreasing trend. However, the total CR (1.8 × 10-6) in 2020 still exceeded the widely acceptable risk level (i.e., 1 × 10-6), with the primary contributor changing from industrial emissions (61%) to vehicle emissions (63%). Further analysis indicated that the CR of vehicles mainly came from Cr and Ni released by braking and tire wearing and has fluctuated in recent years, highlighting a great challenge of controlling nonexhaust emissions of vehicles (including electric cars) in the future.

Trends and Challenges Regarding the Source-Specific Health Risk of PM2.5-Bound Metals in a Chinese Megacity from 2014 to 2020.

Urinary phthalate metabolites mixture, serum cytokines and renal function in children: A panel study

Size distribution, meteorological influence and uncertainty for source-specific risks: PM2.5 and PM10-bound PAHs and heavy metals in a Chinese megacity during 2011-2021.

Association of abnormal-glucose tolerance during pregnancy with exposure to PM2.5 components and sources

Background The association between air pollution (AP) and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), especially between different pollutants and GDM, remains controversial and debatable. Hence, we conducted this systematic review and meta-analysis to provide comprehensive evidence-based support for the association between AP and GDM. Methods The databases of the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were searched from inception to 1 April 2022, in combination with manual retrieval. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS) was used to assess the quality of case-control studies and cohort studies, while the Joana Brigg’s Institute (JBI) critical appraisal checklist was used for the quality assessment of cross-sectional studies. Results We identified 35 epidemiological studies (including 33 cohort studies, 1 cross-sectional study, and 1 case-control study) covering 6,939,725 pregnant women, of whom 865,460 were GDM patients. The NOS score of all included case-control studies and cohort studies was higher than six, and one of the included cross-sectional studies was rated as high quality according to the JBI assessment. Meta-analysis showed that fine particulate matter and air pollutants [PM2.5, odds ratio (OR) =1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.05–1.08, Z =7.76, P<0.001; PM10, OR =1.06, 95% CI: 1.01–1.11, Z =2.62, P=0.009; sulfur dioxide (SO2), OR =1.18, 95% CI: 1.10–1.26, Z = 4.69, P<0.001; nitric oxide (NO), OR =1.04, 95% CI: 1.03–1.06,Z =3.33, P=0.001; nitrogen oxides (NOX), OR =1.07, 95% CI: 1.04–1.11, Z =3.93, P<0.001; black carbon (BC), OR =1.08, 95% CI: 1.06–1.10, Z =7.58, P<0.001] was associated with GDM. Furthermore, no significant association was observed between O3, CO, and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure and GDM. Conclusions Exposure to PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO, NOX, and BC significantly increases the risk of GDM. AP is a remediable environmental trigger that can be prevented by human interventions, such as lowering AP levels or limiting human exposure to air pollutants. The government should strengthen the supervision of air quality and make air quality information more transparent. Besides, living conditions are crucial during pregnancy. Living in a place with more green areas is recommended, and indoor air purification should also be enhanced.

/pdf/association-of-air-pollution-and-fine-particulate-matter-pm2-2slmococ.pdf

Association of air pollution and fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure with gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis

While several scientific studies have linked PM2.5 to decreased lung function, there is still some degree of uncertainty regarding which particulate physicochemical properties are most harmful. We followed a panel of 57 healthy schoolchildren (857 person-days) to investigate the associations between a wide variety of PM2.5 and lung function in Heshan, China in 2016 for three periods. We monitored the daily concentrations of mass, chemical composition, size, number, surface area, and volume of particulate mixture. Associations of lung function with various particle metrics were estimated using generalized estimating equations and unconstrained distributed lag models. Random forest model was used to compare the relative importance of exposure metrics. Immediate (lag 0) associations of PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosols with reduced FEV1 and MMEF, and accumulation-mode particles with FEV1 were found. Slightly delayed (lag 1, 2) effects on PEF were particularly prominent for Aitken-mode particles. Possible cumulative (lags 0-2) effects of PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosols on PEF and Aitken-mode particles on FEV1, MMEF, and PEF were observed. This study provides comprehensive evidence that the physicochemical properties of particulate mixtures are associated with reduced lung function in children. Organic carbon (OC) may be an important risk factor for the decreased lung function related to PM exposure.

Linkage between Particulate Matter Properties and Lung Function in Schoolchildren: A Panel Study in Southern China

Association of abnormal-glucose tolerance during pregnancy with exposure to PM2.5 components and sources.

Insights into the source-specific health risk of ambient particle-bound metals in the Pearl River Delta region, China.

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Linkage between Particulate Matter Properties and Lung Function in Schoolchildren: A Panel Study in Southern China

Association of abnormal-glucose tolerance during pregnancy with exposure to PM2.5 components and sources.

Insights into the source-specific health risk of ambient particle-bound metals in the Pearl River Delta region, China.